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OTTR    OWN 


ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR, 


INTERMEDIATE     BETWEEN 


THE   PRIMARY   AND   HIGH   SCHOOL    GRAMMARS, 


AND    ESPECIALLY    ADAPTED    TO    THE    WANTS    OF 


THE  COMMON  SCHOOLS. 


By  CHARLES  W.  SMYTHE,  A.  M., 

AUTHOR    OF    A    SERIES    OF   ENGLISH    GRAMMARS,'    AND    PRINCIPAL 
OF    THE    LEXINGTON    ENGLISH    AND    CLASSICAL    SCHOOL. 


GREENSBORO',    N.    C, 

PUBLISHED  BY  STERLING,  CAMPBELL   &  ALBRIGHT. 
Richmond,   Va.  :    W.   HARGRAVE   WHITE 
Columbia,  S.  C.  :  TOWNSENT)  A  NORTH. 

1863. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of   Congress, 

in  the  year  1863, 

By    C.    W.    SMYTHE, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Confederate 

States,  for  the  District  of.  Pamlico,  and. 

State  of  North  Carolina. 


STROTHER    &    CO.,    STEAM    PRINTERS, 

RALEIGH,    N,    C. 


^X^      PREFACE.  *;* 


This  book  is  designed  to  occupy  an  intermedi- 
ate, place  between  the  Primary  and  the  High 
School  Grammars. 

The  Primary  Grammar  is  designed  to  present 
the  simplest  facts  of  the  language  ;  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  bring  them  within  the  comprehen- 
sion of  children )  and,  thus,  to  prepare  the  way 
for  a  more  complete  treatment  of  the  subject  in 
the  higher  books. 

Tbe  High  School  Grammar,  on  the  other  hand, 
is  designed  to  be  as  minute  and  complete  in  its 
details  as  the  time  of  pupils  in  our  higher  semi- 
naries will  admit.  It  also  enters  quite  fully  into 
the  subject  of  analysis  and  composition,  and  par- 
tially, hitothe  general  relations  and  philosophy 
#of  language. 

It  was  felt  that  between  the  two,  there  was  too. 
great  an  interval. 

Therefore,  in  accordance  with  the  advice  and 
with  the  approbation  of  several  of  our  most  expe- 
rienced teachers,  this  book-has  been  undertaken. 

Though  prepared  as  an  intermediate  book,  it 
may  be  used  by  beginners;  and  it  will  also  sup- 
ply the  wants  of  a  large  class  of  pupils  in  our  com- 
mon schools  who  will  have  no  timeto  pursue  the 
subject  farther. 

That  fact  has  been  kept  constantly  in    view  in 

•  th*  selection  of  its  material. 

Kxercises  in  composition  have  been  constant  I  \ 

•  inserted  so  that  it  will  also  form  a  simple    intro- 
*  duVtion  to  that  important  subject. 

'  •    <  Uhose  who  wish  to  pursue  the  study  fartlfer,  arc 
referred  to  the  High  School  Grammar. 

I  will  thankfully  receive  any  suggestions  from 
others  that* their  rxpcrietice  may  dictate. 

VV.  BMYTHE. 

Lexington,  N.  (J.,  June,  1863. 


ELEMENTARY  GRAMMAR, 


LESSON    I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

1.  If  we  wish  to  say  or  write  anything  to  each 
.other,  we  make  use  of  words. 

2.  Words  arc  like   pictures.     If  I  show  y<  i  o 
!  a   picture   of  a  horse,  or  dog,  you  wilHnstantly 

think  of  those  animals,  and  the  picture  tells  you, 
as  it  were,  a  short  story. 

3.  So  if  you  hear  the  word  horse  or  see  it  in  a 
book,  you  think  at  once  of  the  animal  called  by 
that  name. 

4.  Thus  the  spoken  or  written  word 
is  a  picture  to  the  mind  of  "some  thing  or  action. 

5.  We  cannot  think,  nor  speak,  nor  write  with- 
out words.  Hence  it  is  very  important  to  under- 
stand their  meaning  and  use. 

6.  There  are  in  our  language  over  one  hundred 
thousand  words. 

Yrt,  as  we  shall  see,  we  can  easily  learn  the 
most  important  things  in  regard  to  the  use  of  all 
the 


6  ELEMENTARY    CKAMMAE.  [7 — 130 

7.  If  we  go  into  a  garden,  or  into  the  lickls, 
we  find  a  great  many  flowers  and  plants.  But,  if 
we  look  carefully  at  them,,  we  shall  find  that  there 
are  but  lew  kinds  of  flowers  or  plants. 

One  kind  may  be  roses,  another  tulips;  ethers 
may  be  wheat,  corn,  cotton,  &c. 

8.  So  it  is  with  words.     They  all  come  into. a  " 
few  classes. 

Some  words  tell  us  what  the  names  of  things 
are,  others  what  they  ar_e  doing,  others  still,  tell 
what  kind  of  things  they  are,  or  how  they  do 
anything. 

9.  These  classes  of  words  are  commonly  called 
parts  of  speech. 

10.  There  are  nine  classes  of  words.  They  are 
the  noun,  pronoun,  adjective,  article,  verb,  adverb, 
preposition,  conjunction,  and  interjection,  ■ 

11.  Grammar  teaches  us  the  nature  and  the 
uses  of  words. 


LESSON"    II. 

PROPOSITIONS. 

12.  In  expressing  our  thoughts  we  do  not  use 
words  singly  but  write  them  together;  as;  "John 
walks."  "  Susan  reads  her  book."  .  "  The  wind 
blows." 

13/  Each  one  of  these  collections  of  words 
makes  good  sense,  and  declares  or  asserts  some- 
thing. 

They  are  called  propositions.    ■ 


14 — 16]  propositions.  •  7 

14.  A  proposition  is  a  simple  assertion. 

In  the  proposition,  "John  runs,"  Jo/mshows 
who  does  somethiug,  runs  shows  what  .he  does.. 
John  is  called  the  subject,  runs  the  predicate. 

15.  The  subject  is  that  of  which  some- 
tiling  is  said  or  asserted;  as,  John,  in  "  John 
runs.'*' 

16.  The  predicate  is  that  which  is  said  or 
asserted  of  the  subject ;  like  runs,  in  "John  runs." 

Every  simple'  proposition  must  contain  at  least 
two  parts,  a  subject,  and  a  predicate.        •% 

Point  out  the  subjects  and  predicates  in  these 
propositions. 

Do  it  in  every  lesson. 

Model.  John  runs.  John  is  the  subject,  because  it  is 
that  of 'which  something  is  said.  Runs  is  the  predicate,  it 
is  that  which  is  said*  of  the  subject.  » 

EXERCISES. 

John  runs.  The  horse  neighs.  The  wind 
blows. .  Ti\c  trees  move.  The  grass  grows.  The 
moon  rises.     Apples  fall.     Water  runs. 

Complete  these  propositions  by  supplying  sub- 
jects : — 

Model.     runs.     The  horse  runs.     singe.     

plays.     read.     ialls.     swim.     is  sweet. 

are  playing.     came. 

Complete  these  by  supplying  predicates: — 

Model.     John   .     John   reads.     James   .      The 

apple   .     Ilorles. .     The    trees   .     The  winds 

.     Ships .     The  IUD . 

.    Form  propositions  of  your  own. 


8  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [17 — 18 

LESSON  III. 

NOUNS. 

1 7.  Such  words  as  James,  Susan,  Mart/,  chair, 
tabic,  box,  we  know  are  names  of  persons  or  things. 

1.  The  word  noun  means  name, 
*  2.  Hence  we  call  all  nanies  7iouns. 

18.,  A  noun  is  the  name  of  any  person, 
place,  or  thing. 

1.  They  may  be  either  subjects,  or  predicates 
of  propositions ;  as,  "James  is  a  painter" 

2.  Besides  the  names  of  persons,  places,  and 
things,  the  names  of  all  objects  that  we  can  think 
of»are  nouns  ;  as,  goodness,  love,  joy,  virtue,  which 
have  no  bodily  existence. 

3.  Also  the  names  qf  letters,  figures,  and  words 
used  merely  as  such,  are  nouns;  as,  "A  is  a  let- 
ter."    "  7  is  a  figure."     "  Good  is  an  adjective." 

Point  out  the  nouns  in  these  exercises  and  tell 
why  they  are  nouns,  in  this  way  : — James  is  a 
noun,  because  it  is  a  name. 

EXERCISES. 

James.  Thomas.  Susan.  Chair.  Table.  Box. 
Desk.  Ink.  Mary  reads.  The  cat  mews.  The 
dog  barks.  Horses  run.  Wisdom  directs.  Ex- 
ercise strengthens.  Eagles  fly.  Virtue.  Gray 
„  was  a  poet,  Franklin  was  a  philosopher.  A  is 
an  article.     Was  is  a  verb. 

Supply  predicates  with  these  noui^s : — 

.Model.  Water  flows.  Henrj  is  &  scholar.  Lemons  are 
fruit.  Horses,  father,  mother,  history,  wind,  stars,  ducks, 
lilies,  dogs,  moon,  George,  acorns. 


19 — 20]  VERBS.-  9 

LESSON  IV. 

VERBS. 

19.  In  "John,  reads,"  "Mary  sings."  Jbhn 
and  Mary  are  nouns  because,  they  are  names. 

Reads  and  sings  are  not  names  of  objects,  but 
they  show  what  is  done.     They  are  called  verbs, 

1.  Some  verbs,  like  reads,  show  that  something 
is  dona,  .others  like  is,  are,  and  was  show  that 
something  is. 

2.  To  assert  means  to  tell,  to  declare ;  hence. we 
say  that : — 

20.  A  verb-  is  a  word  that  asserts  some- 
thing, or  shows  what  is  or  is  done. 

They  can  form  the  predicates  of  propositions 
alone.  '  ■ 

EXERCISES. 

Point  out  the  nouns  and  verbs  in  this  way: — Horse  is  a 
noun,  because  it  is  a  name.  Runs  is  a  verb,  because  it 
asserts  something. 

Caesar  conquered.  Kings  reign.  Snow  falls. 
Charles  reads.  Lions  roar.  Grapes  ripen. 
Flowers  bloom.  William  came.  Jesus  wept. 
Eoses  fade.  Silver  shines.  Father  came.  God 
is.  Franklin  was  a  printer.  Rivers  are  streams 
of  water. 

Supply  subjects  with  these  verbs  :— 

Sleep,  studies,  whistle,  walk,  is  sweet,  is  strong, 
come,  must  study,  swim,  run. 

Point  out  subjects  and  predicates,  nouns  and 
verbs  in  your  reading  lessons. 

IB 


10  *        ELEMENTAL)      •'    \.m\)AK.  I — 22 

LESSON    Y 

,       PRONOUNS. 

21.  [may  say,  "John  runs,7  or  "lie  runs; 

•  \lary  sings,"  or  "She  sipgs,,'-' 

The  words  he  and  she  stand  for  John  and  Mary. 

1.  They  are  called  prpnoims,  because  they 
stand  for  names. 

2.  The  word  p  r  o  n  o  u  n  means  Jur  a  noun. 

*  4.  They    may   he -used   anywhere   instead    of 
nouns.  * 

22.  A  pronoun  is  a  w  o  r  d  that  stands 
i  o  r  a  noun;  as,  "John  goes  to  school.  //< 
studies  his  hook,"  instead  of  "John'  goes  to 
school/    John  studies  John's  hook." 

Point 'out  in  these  exercises,  the  nouns,  pro- 
nouns, verbs,  subjects  and  predicates. 

Model.  John  loves  his  parents.  His  is  a  pronoun,  be- 
cause it  stands  for  a  noun,  and  relates  to  John. 

EXERCISES.      . 

John  reads  his  hook.  Mary  studies  her  lesson. 
The  trees  put  forth  their  leaves.  William  studies 
his  lesson.  He  will  please  his  parents.  Mary 
will  lend  .her  slate  to  her  cousin.  We  should 
always  be  kind  to  our  playmates. ' 

Insert  'pronouns  in  these  sentences : 

Mary  asked cousin  to  take to 

house.     William  has  gone  to  father's  tor 

book.  Where  are going.  broth- 
ers are  playing  in room.     - —  friend  come 

with  . 


23 — 25]  ADJECTIVES.  11 

LESSON    VI 

ADJECTIVES. 

23.  When  I  say,  "  The  apple  is  sweet,"  sweet 
tells  what  kind  of  apple  it  is  or  describes  it. 

24.  Words  which  describe  arc  called  adjec- 
tives ;  as,  "  The  tree  is  talir  «  The  hill  is  high." 
^  A  red  rose." 

Icdl,  high  and  red  arc  adjectives. 

25.  An  Adjective  is  a  word  joined 
to    a    noun    or    pronoun    to    describe   it. 

1.  They  may  form  the  predicates  of  proposi- 
tions, but  cannot  be  used  alone  as  subjects;  as, 
"  The  rose  is  red"  "  The  tree  is  tall" 

2.  AVdien  the  noun  or  adjective  is  used  as  a 
predicate,  is,  am,  ivas  or  some  other  part  of  the 
verb  be  or  am  is*uscd  to  connect  them  with  the 
subject.  The  verb  thus  used  is  called  a  copula, 
which  means  a  link  or  joining. 

v  Point  out  in  each  lesson  all  the  things  you  have 
learned  and  give  reasons  for  everything. 

*      EXERCISES. 

Model,  The  apple  i.s  sweet.  Siuccl  is  an  adjective,  be- 
cause it  describes  apple. 

Love    conquers    all    thin  God    is   good. 

Mother  is  kind.  The  fields  are  green.  The 
\v;n'ui  suns  ripens  the  grain.  The  rains  refresh 
the  thirsty  earth.  The  wind  is  cold.  The  brave 
soldier  is  worthy  of  honor.  The  bright  sun 
drives  away  the  (lark  clouds. 

Bftsert  adja ■///■,  j,  a  ..  in  these  sentences: — 


12  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [26—28 

Washington  was .     The  country  is . 

The tree  is  by  the win*1      The 

rain the  -grass.     He  tha     is 


and when is  young,  will  be  r3 when 

is  — — .     William  has  a dog,  a 

kitten,  and  a horse. 

Form  propositions  containing  these  adjectives : — 
Handsome,  powerful,  warm,  mild,  gentle,  wise, 

strong,  kind. 


LESSON  VII. 

CLASSES   OF   NOUNS.   *      \ 

26.  There  are  two  general  classes  of  nouns.- 

.  1.  Fi^st,  the  names  of  objects  that. actually  ex- 
ist or  that  we  may  gain  a  knowledge  of  by  our 
senses ;  as,  chair,  tree,  man,  James. 

2.  Second,  those  which  are  the  names  of  qual- 
ities or  attributes,  separate  from  their  objects  ;  a*, 
Hardness  is  a  quality  of  iron,  beauty  of  a  flower, 
and  goodness  of  God. 

3.  The  first  class  are  called  concrete  nouns  ;  the 
second,  abstract. 

27.  Under  Concrete  Nouns  arc  comprised  : — 

1.  Names  of  objects  that  exist  as  individuals 
and  may  form  classes  ;  as,  man,  tree,  horse. 

2.  Names  of  objects  that  do  not  exist  as  indi- 
viduals, as,  gold,  silver,  iron,  ivood,  water,  air,  wheat, 
cotton,  ashes,  dregs,  neivs,  wages,  $c. 

The  latter  arc  called  Material  nouns. 
.    28.  Nouns  denoting  individual  objects  are  divi- 
ded into  Proper,  Common,  Complex,  and  Collective 
nouns. 


If— Ml  CLASSES   OF   NOUNS.  13 

'29.  A  C  o  in  m  o  n  No  u  b  is  the  name  of 
a  whole  class  of  objects ;  as,  tree,  horse,  man, 
city,  $c.     •« 

30.  A  Pro  p  e  r  Noun  is  a  particular  name 
of  any  person,  place,  or  thing  ;  as,  city  is  a  name 
common  to  all  cities  and  is  a  common  noun,  while 
Richmond,  Raleigh,  and  Charleston,  arc  names  of 
particular  cities  and  arc  proper  nouns. 

31.  A  Co n»pl ex  Noun  i§  a  name,  together 
with  some  title  ;  as,  Mr.  William  Johnson,  Genera/ 

Washington,  Judge  Marshall.     They   are  proper 
nouns. 

32.  A  Collective  Noun  is  a  noun  signi- 
fying many  persons  or  things  taken  as  one  whole; 
as,  army,  people,  nation,  society,  Congress. 

They  may  be  proper  nouns  ;  as,  Congress,  Par- 
liament; or  common  nouns;  as,  nation,  people, 
army. 

To  analyze  is  to  point  out  the  subject,  predicate, 
and  modifying  words. 

Parsing  is  pointing  out  the  classes  of  words, 
their  properties  and  relations. 

EXERCISES   FOil   ANALYSIS   AND    PARSING. 

Model.  James  is  a  noun,  it  is  a  name  ;  proper,  it  w  a 
particular  name. 

Tttver  i«  a  noun,  it  is  a  name;  common,  a  general  name. 

Hurley  is  a  noun,  it  is  a  name  ;  material,  it  denotes  a  ma 
terial  substance. 

kIucss  is  a  noun,  it  is  a  name  :  abstract,  it  is  the  name 
oi'a  quality. 

■')on  is  a  noun,  it  is  a  name  ;  collective,  it  denotes  many 
as  one  whole. 

Studies  is  a  verb,  it  asserts  something. 


II  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  [33 

James  studies  his  lesson.  T^e  river  is  called 
the  is'ilc.  Barley,  wheat,  and  corn  grow  in  the 
(ields.     Goodness  is  a  quality  to  be  esteemed. 

The  nation  is  divided.     Richmond  is  the  Capi 
tal   of  the  Confederate   States.      The  bird  was 
building  her  nest.    INorth  Carolina  produces  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  potatoes,  tobacco,  and  cotton. 

Insertproper  nouns: 

is  the  Capital  of .    and  • have 

gone  to  . and  -  are  coming  with 


> 


Insert  common  nouns : 

The sees  in  the  dark.     The  —  -  is  strong. 

The is  called  Rome.  and a  re  beau- 
tiful trees. 

Insert  material  nouns : 

The  Southern  States  produce , ,  - — ., 

, , ,  and .    is  a  useful  metal. 

Wc  breathe .     The  of  cows  furnishes 

and . 


Insert  collective  nouns : 

is  dismissed.     The wras  victorious. 

—  h as  adj o urn cd .     The was  vc ry  pi e asant, 


LESSON  VIII. 

CLASSES  OF  NOUNS  CONTINUED. 

33.  Proper  nouns  naturally  mean  but  one. 
When  they  stand  for  more  than  one  object,  they 
become  common  nouns;  as,  Ike  twelve'  Caesars. 
The  seven  Jameses. 


34—37]  CLASSES    OF   NOUNS.  15 

*    34.  Words  like  the  Russians,  the.  ElngUsh,  mean 
ing  the  whole  people  are  proper  ftouns,  but  when 
referring   to    individuals  they   are   common  ;  as 
uj  saw  several  Russians  in  Paris." 

35.  When  the  is  affixed  to  common  nouns  they 
become  proper,  when  they  denote  well  known 
objects  or  events  ;  as,  the  Pari;  the  Common,  the 
Deluge. 

36.  Abstract  nouns  are  names  of  actions,  states 
or  conditions,  properties  or  qualities. 

These  include  the  verbal  nonu. 

37.  A  verbal  noun  is  a  noun  derived  from  a 
verb.  It  is  the  name  of  the  action  expressed  by 
the  verb;  as,  "Heading  is  a  pleasant  .employ- 
ment." 

They  end  in  ing.  Building,  a  house  or  thing 
built,  and  some  others  have  become  concrete 
nouns. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  Writing  letters  to  our  friends  is  pleasant  labor. 
Writing  is  a  noun,  it  is  a  name  ;  verbal,  it  is  derived  from 
a  verb  and  is  the  name  of  an  action.  Letters  and  i'ncn<  s  are 
commpn  nouns,  they  are  general  names.  Labor  is  an  ab- 
stract noun,  it  is  the  name  of  an  action.  Writing  is  the  sub- 
ject; lahor  the  predicate. 

Reading  good  books  is  improving.  Stealing 
is  base.  The  lightuing  is  vivid.  Goodness  and 
mercy  have  followed  me  all  the  days  of  my  life. 
The  French  are  an  active  people. 

Write  scnt<  Main  ;ag  these  nouns  :     Summ  r, 

snow,  ice}  winter,  city,  river,  mountain,  h<»ise. 

Model.     That  is  my  father's  house. 


16  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [38 — 40 

LESSON  IX. 

•CLASSES   OF    PROPOSITIONS. 

38.  In  expressing  our  thoughts  we  may  declare 
something;  ask  something;,  command,  exhort,  or 
entreat  something;  or  exclaim. something. 

39.  Hence  there  are  four  kinds  of  propositions  ; 
declarative,  interrogative,  imperative,  and  exclama- 
tory. 

What  kind  of  propositions  are  these  ? 

James  reads.  "What  is  he  reading  ?  Let  him 
read.  How  well  he  reads !  The  winds  are  cool. 
How  cool  the  winds  are !  Have  you  seen  James 
to-day  ?     Come  to  me. 

Analyze  and  parse  these  and  tlic  following  proposi- 
tions. 

40.  Declarative  and  imperative  propositions 
end  with  periods(.)  ;  interrogative,  with  the 
interrpgation  point(?);  and  exclamatory,  with 
the  exclamation  point(!). 

I.-  Change  these  into  interrogative  sentences  i— 
Model.     James  is  coming.     Is  James  coming  ? 
She  is  stealing.     Stealing  is  base.     Borneo  is 
an  island.     Water  is  a  liquid.     Washington  was 
wise.     The  country  is  free.     The  days  arc  long. 

II.  Make  these  imperative  : 

Model.  John  studies  his  lesson.  Let  John  study  his 
lesson,  or  John  study  your  lesson. 

Is  your  sister  coming  ?  The  dogs  bark.  You 
prize  virtue  highly.  Bad  men  are  not  esteemed. 
The  wind  blows. 

III.  Make  these  exclamatory : 

Model.    The  sky  is  beautiful.    How  beautiful  the  sky  is ! 


41 — 44]  NUMBER.  17 

Does  Mary  play  well?  He  reads  well.  The 
moon  shines  brightly.     Does  the  rain  fall  heavily  ? 

IV.  Make  these  declarative. 

Have  you  seen  my  book?  Will  you  lend  me 
your  slate  ?  How  brightly  the  sun  shines.  Let 
Susan  write  a  letter  to  her  mother.  Will  you  go 
with  me  ?        '* 

Write  declarative  sentences  containing  any  one  of 
these  ivords : — 

J.ohn,  flows,  runs,  boys,  more,  water,  horses, 
clouds,  lessons,  books. 


LESSON    X. 

NUMBER. 

41.  We  may  say  boy,  boys  ;  man,  men;  horse, 
horses.     i?%  means  one  boy ;  boys,  more  than  one. 

1;  This  difference  in  the  form  of  words  is  called 
u-u  mber,  and  it  belongs  to  nouns,  pronouns, 
and  verbs. 

42.  Number  is  a  change  in  the  form  of 
words  to  show  whether  one,  or  more  than  one  is 
meant. 

1.  There  are  two  forms,  called  the  singular  %nd 
the  plural. 

2.  The  singular    denotes  but  one. 

3.  The   plural   denotes  more  than  one. 

43.  The  plural  of  most  nouns  is  formed  by 
adding  s  to  the  singular;  as,  boy,  boys ;  horse, 
horses. 

44.  Where  the  s  added  to  the  word  would  be 
.hard  to  pronounce,  es  is  added  ;  as  lash,  fashes  ; 
fox, foxes;  church,  church* 


*18  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  [4(J — 49 

45.  The  letters  a,  e,  i,  o,  u;  are  called  vowels. 
The  rest  arc  called    consonants. 

46.  A  few  nouns  form  their  plurals  by  chang- 
ing the  vowel ;  as,  man,  men  ;  goose,  geese  ;  foot, 
feet;  mouse,  mice. 

47.  The  nouns  which  add  c.s  are  : — 

1.  First,  nouns  ending  in  x,  z,  ss,  sh,  or  ch,  soft. 

2.  Second,  nouns  ending  in  f,  or  /e,  change 
those  endings  into,  ves ;  as,  calf,  calves ;  half, 
halves  ;  wife,  wives. 

Except  nouns  in  ff,  and  gulf,  roof,  hoof  mischief 
brief'  chief  strife,  fife,  safe,  grief,  dwarf,  turf,  proof, 
reproof,  scarf,  and  surf,  which  adds  «s. 

3.  Third,  nouns  ending  in  y  prece'ded  by  a 
consonant  change  y  into  ies. 

But  nouns  ending  in  y  preceded  by  a  vowel 
generally  add  s  ;  as,  day,  days  ;  y alley, 'valleys. 

4.  Fourth,  nouns  ending  in  i  generally  acldVa  ; 
as,  alkali,  alkalies. 

5.  Fifth,  nouns  in  o  preceded  by  a  consonant 
generally  add  es  ;  as,  hero,  heroes  ;  cargo>  cargoes  ; 
negro,  negroes.      . '    , 

Except  'junto,  canto,  tyro,  grotto,  portico,  solo, 
quarto,  octavo,  duodecimo,  memento,  two,  zero,  which 
add  s. 

48.  A  few  nouns  add  n  or  en  ;  as  ox,  oxen  ;  cow, 
coiven  gives  lane  ;  sow,  sowen,  swine. 

49.  A  few  nouns  have  two  plurals  with  differ- 
ent meanings  ;  as,  . 

Brother,  brothers  (of  the  same  family,)  brethren 
(of  a  society.) 
Die,  dies  (for  coining,)  dice  (for  gaming.) 


50—52]  NUMBER.  19 

Fish,  fishes  (in  number   as   twelve,)   fish   (the 

species.) 
Fowl,  fowls  (in  number,)  fowl  (the  species.) 
Genius,  geniuses  (men  of  genius,)  genii  (spirits.) 
Index,   indexes   (tables   of  contents,)   indices 

(signs  in  algebra.) 
Fea,  peas  (in  number,)  pease  (the  species.) 
Penny,  pennies  (coins  in    number,)   pence  (in 

value.) 

50.  Some  arc  found  only  in  the  singular: 
They  are  ;     1.  most  material  nouns  ;  as,   gold, 

iron,  ivood,  wheat,  air,  silver,  sugar,  wine,  $c.  ;  2. 

most  abstract  nouns.;  as,  goodness,  virtue,  wisdom ; 

3.  names   of  the   sciences ;    as,    Algebra,   Music, 

31 'at hematics  ;     4.  the  names'  of  some  diseases  ; 

as,-  cholera,  measles,  frc;     5.  the  word  news. 

.    51.  Some   are   found  only  in  the   plural ;  as, 

ashes,  dregs,  embers,  goods,  clothes,  maimers,  moreds, 

thanks,    billows,    scissors,   nippers,    tongs,   shears, 

breeches,  <fc. 

Horse,  foot,  infantry,  are  also  plural  in  meaning. 
52.  Some  nouns  have  the  same  form  in   both- 

numbers;  as,   deer,  sheep,  trout,  salmon,  cannon, 

saiL  shot,  Itead,  weight,  means. 

Form  the  plural  of  these   nouns  : — boy,    girl, 

chair,  table,    desk,    book,    inkstand,   pen,    man, 

goose,  foot,  mouse,  lash,  miss,  fox,  church. 

What    number   are   these,    and   why? — Man, 

boys,   girl,    men,    books,    guns,    top,    churches, 

dishes,  mouse,  lice,  annals,  iron,  wheat,  deer.    . 

EXERCISES. 

Model  My  horse  trots.  Horse  is  a  noun,  it  is  a  name  : 
common,  it. is  a  general  Dame;  singular  number,  it  means 
but  one  ;  and  is  the  subject. 


20  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [53 — 56 

Sour  horse  is  large.  My  books  arc  new. 
Those  cows  arc  fine.  Trees  grow.  Fishes  swim. 
The  road  is  Ions:.     Snow  is  cold. 


LESSON    IX. 


NUMBER   CONTINUED. 


53.  In   compounds   the   principal  words  lake 
the  sign  of  the  plural ;  as,  fathers-in-law,  courts-   . 
martial.     But  compounds  without  the  hyphen  (-) 
make  the  last  number  plural ;  as,   spoonfuls,  out- 
goings. . 

54.  Usage  is  still  unsettled  as  to  the  plural  of  ' 
complex  nouns. 

1.  "When  they  arc  preceded  by  a  numeral  the 
noun  is  made  plural ;  as,  "  The  two  Mr.  Browns." 
The  noun  with  Mrs.  takes  the  plural;  as,  "The 
Mrs.  Browns." 

2.  Both  title  and  name  should  not  take  the 
plural.  We  must  say  either  the  Misses  Brown, 
or  the  Miss  Browns. 

3.  The  tendency  seems  to  be  in  favor  of  the 
former,  especially  in  respectful  address,  while  in 
familiar,  colloquial  .style  the  latter  prevails. 

4.  A  title  applied  to  more  than  one  person  is 
made  plural;  as,  "Generals  Beauregard  and 
Johnson." 

55.  Many  foreign  words  retain. their  original 
plurals.  Those  in  on  and  um  change  those  end- 
ings *to  a;  those  in  a  to  ae  and  ata;  those  in  its, 
to  i  and  era  ;  those  in  is,  to  es  and  ides. 

.  56.  The  foreign  words  most  frequently  used, 
are  as  follows  : 


56J 


NUMBEK. 


21 


I.  Those  that  retain  their  original  plural  alone 
are:— 


Singula/' 

r/un 

jl.            Singular. 

Plural 

Alumnus, 

alumni 

Hypothesis, 

hypotheses. 

Analysis, 

analyses.          Larva, 

larva:. 

Axis, 

axes. 

Nebula, 

nebula). 

Basis, 

bases. 

Oasis, 

cases] 

Beau,  * 

beaux. 

'  Parenthesis, 

parentheses. 

Crisis, 

crises. 

Phenomenon, 

phenomena. 

Datum, 

data. 

Radius, 

radii. 

Ellipsis, 

ellipse: 

s.           Stimulus, 

stimuli. 

Erratum, 

errata. 

Stratum, 

strata. 

Genus, 

.  genera 

II.  Tho^ 

>e  which  have   both  an 

English  and 

foreign  plural : 

Singular. 

Foreign  Pturcti;          English  Plural. 

Apex, 

apices, 

apexes. 

Appendix, 

appendices, 

a^pendixr 

Cherub, 

cherubim, 

cherubs. 

Formula, 

formulse, 

formulas". 

Memorandum, 

memoranda, 

memorandum.^ 

keraph, 

seraphim, 

EXERCISI 

seraphs. 

Indices  are  sjgns  in  Algebra.  Indexes  are  ta- 
bles of  contents.  Analysis  is  the  separation  of 
anything  into  its  parts.  An  oasis  is  a  fertile  spot 
in  a  desert.  The  Miss  Joneses  have  gone  to 
Charleston.  Jeffersoq  Davis  was  the  first  Presi- 
dent of  the  Confederate  State 

Complete  these  senf       r  ; — 


22  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [57 — 6 

and gnaw in  the  floor.    Violent 


— —  overturn and  houses.     ,  — ^  and 

,  draw  carts, ,  and -. 

Compose  sentences  containing  these  words : 
Foxes.     Dogs.     Rabbits.     Flowers.     Leaves. 

Clouds. 


LESSON  XII. 

PERSON. 

i 

57.  We  say,  /run,  you  run,  he  runs  or  John 
runs. 

1.  1  is  the  speaker,  you  the  one  spoken  to,  Ae  or 
John  the  one  spoken  oi\ 

This  distinction  is  called  person.   " 

58.  Person  is  the  property  of  nouns  and  pro- 
nouns,- that  denotes  the  speaker,  the  person  spoken 
to,  and  the  person  or  object  spoken  of. 

59.  There  are  three  persons,  first,  second,  and 
third. 

1*  The   first  person  denoted  the  speaker. 

2.  The  second  person  denotes  the  person 
spoken  to. 

3.  The  third  person  denotes  the  person  or 
object  spoken  of. 

60.  Nouns  are  generally  in  the  third  person. 

1.  The  pronoun  has  different  words  to  repre- 
sent the  persons. 

2.  /is  always  in  the  first ;  you  in  the  second  ; 
he,  she,  and  it  in  the  third  person. 

3.  Verbs  have  the  three  persons  to  agree  with 
the  subject.     . 


61—63]  *        person.  23 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  John  sings.  John  is  a  proper  noun,  it  is  a  par- 
ticular name  ;  third  person,  spoken  of,;  singular  number,  it 
mea«£  but  one,  and  is  the  subject  of  the  proposition.  Sings  is 
a  verb,  it  asserts  something,  third  person,  singular  number 
to  agree  with  the  subject  John,  by 

Rule  IT.  The  verb  must  agree  with^the  subject  in  number  and 
person. 

Mary  plays.     The   apple   falls.      The  sun  is 
'  bright.     Susan  reads  her  hook.     Thomas  flies  his 
kite. 

The  bird  flies.  Water  flows.  The  rains  fall. 
The  trees  put  forth  their  leaves.  Tljc  rivers  flow 
into  the  sea.     Columbus  was  born  at  Genoa. 

Compose  sentences  containing  these  words.  . 

\,  summer,  thou  or  you. 

John,  -  river,  he. 

Mary,  .      snow,  wheat. 


LESSON  XIII. 

GENDER. 

61.  All   living    things    are    divided  -into  two 
classes,  males  and  females. 

This  distinction  is  called  sex. 

62.  All  nouns  arc  divided  into  three  class, 
those  that  are  names  of  males,   those  that  are 
names  of  females,   and  those   that   are   neither 
male  nor  female. 

This  distinction  is  called   Gender, 

63.  Gender    is    a   distinction     of     nouns    in 
regard  t«»  sex. 


• 


24  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [64 — 08 

■  64.  There  are  three  genders  ;  masculine , 
feminine,    and   neuter. 

The  word  neuter  means  neither.  It  is  applied 
to  objects  which  are  neither  male  nor  female. 

6b.  The  names  of  males  are  m  a  s  c  uli  n  e . 
The  names  of  female  beings  are  f e  m  i  n i  n  c . 
The  names  of  things  without  life  are 
neuter. 

66.  A  few  nouns  like  parent,  cousin,  deer,  sheep, 
child,  relative,  may  be  either  masculine  or  feminine. 

The  are  usually  said  to  be  of  the  common  gen- 
der. If  their  gender  is  not  known,  they  may 'be 
parsed  as  "  of  the  masculine  or  feminine  gender." 

67.  In  pronouns  of  the  third  person,  he  is  mas- 
culine, she  is  feminine,  it  is  neuter.     «  ; 

68.  Sometimes  things  without-life  are  personi- 
fied, or  spoken  of  in  the  same  manner  in  which 
persons  are. 

Then  they  masculine  or  feminine. 

1.  In  these  cases,  such'  objects  as  possess 
strength,  courage,  majesty,  and  other  manly  attri- 
butes, are  considered  masculine;  and  those  that 
possess  the  attributes  of  receiving,  containing, 
and  which  are  gentle  and  lovely,  are  considered 
feminine. 

2.  Thus,  time,  death,  fear,  xoar,  the  sun,  winter, 
are  masculine  ;  and  'peace,  hope,  wisdom,  spring, 
the  earth,  the  moon,  are  feminine.  .    . 

3.  The  same  distinction  is  made  among  Ani- 
mals, when  the  species  is  spoken  of;  as  "  The 
lion  takes  up  his  abode  in  the  forest."  "  The  cat 
is  noted  for  her  love  of  home." 


69] 


UENBER. 


25 


5. 


When  the  distinction  of  gender  among  ani- 
mals is  unimportant  they  are  considered  neuter ; 
as,  " I  had  a  kid  and  sold  it." 

69.  Some  masculine  nouns  have  corresponding 
feminines.    They  are  distinguished  in  three  ways. 

I.  First,  by  different  words.* 

Masculine. 

Man, 

Master, 


Masculine. 

Bachelor. 

Boy, 

Brother, 

Father, 

Gentleman, 

Husband, 

King, 

Lord, 


•  Feminine. 

maid. 

girl. 

sister. 

mother. 

lady. 
„  wife. 

queen. 

lady. 


Master, 

Nephew, 

Papa, 

Sir, 

Son, 

&c. 


Feminiio 

woman. 

mistress. 

miss. 

neice. 

mamma. 

madam. 

daughter. 


II.  By  difference  of  termination. 
MascuUu'         Feminine.       .Masculine.       Feminine 


Abbot, 

abbess. 

Jew, 

Jewess. 

Administrator 

,  administratrix.  Lion, 

lioness. 

Author, 

authoress. 

Patron, 

patroness. 

Baron,  ■ 

baroness. 

Poet, 

poetess. 

Benefactor, 

benefactress. 

Priest, 

priestess. 

Count, 

countess. 

Prince, 

princess. 

Deacon, 

deaconess. 

Prophet, 

prophetess. 

Duke,    • 

duchess. 

Shepherd, 

shepherdess 

Emperor, 

empress. 

Tailor, 

tail  ore- 

Executor, 

executrix. 

Testator, 

testatrix. 

Ilcir, 

heiress. 

Tiger, 

tigress. 

Hero, 

heroine. 

Tutor, 

tuf' 

Host, 

hostess. 

Widower, 

\vi<! 

Instructor, 

instruct! 

-For  full  lints  tee  Sigh  School  Grammar. 


.26  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [69 

III.  By  composition  or  by  prefixing  words. 

Bridegroom,  bride.  Manservant,    maidservant. 

Gentleman,    gentlewoman.  Male-child,  '   female-child. 
He-goat,         she-goat.  Schoolmaster,  schoolmistress. 

Landlord,       landlady.  and  some  others. 

Male,  female. 

EXERCISES. 

v  Model.  John  studies  his  lesson-.  John  is  a  proper  noun, 
it  is  a  particular  name  ;  masculine  gender,  it  is  the  name 
of  a  male;  third  person,  it  is  spoken  of;  singular  number, 
it  means  but  one,  and  is  the  subject.  His  is  a  pronoun,  it 
stands  for  a  noun  ;  masculine  gender  ;  third  person  ;  singu- 
lar number  to  agree  with  John,  by- 
Rule  IX.  Pronouns  agree  with  their  noUns  in  gender, 
number,  and  person. 

Mary  plays  upon  the  piano.  Jane  reads  her 
books.  The  green  grass  grows  in  the  fields.  .  The 
cat  is  rfoted  for  her  love  of  home.  Augustus  was 
the  patron  of  men  of  letters. 

Supply  masculine  subjects  to  these  'propositions  : 

— —  conquered. is  prudent. is  a 

tailor. is  grateful. will  be  thankful. 

_j —  guards  his  flocks. 

Supply  feminine  subjects :      # 

_ plays. is  cheerful. is  change- 
able.    , is   a  tailoress. is  a  teacher. 


can  sing. 


Supply  neuter  subjects : 

roil. grow.     is  hard. are 

rreen.     — —  shines.    — -  is  falling. is  an 


animal. 


70—74]  case.  27 

LESSON  XIV. 

CASE. 

70.  I  say,  "John  runs,"  l* John's  horse  runs," 
"James  teaches  John,"  "He  gave  John  a  book," 
and  "John  come  to  me."  Here  John  appears  in 
different  ways  or  relations. 

These  'relations-  are  called  cases. 

71.  C  a  s  o  is  the  relation  that  nouns  and  pro- 
nouns have  to  other  words  in  the  same  sentence. 

72.  In  "John  runs,"  John  is  the  subject  and  is 
in  the  nominative  case. 

"In  John's  horse  runs,"  John's  denotes  the  pos- 
sessor and  is  in  the  possessive  case. 

In  "James  teaches  John,"  John  is  the  object 
of  the  verb  teach,  or  the  person  acted  on,  and  is 
in  the  objective  case. 

In  "He  gave  John  a  book,"  it  denotes  that  to 
or  for  whom,  anything  is  or  is  done  and  is  the  in- 
direct object.  It  may  be  called  the  dative  case. 
In  "John  come  to  me,"  it  is  the  name  of  the  ob- 
ject addressed  and  is  in  the  vocative  case. 

73.  The  Nominative  case  is  the  subject 
of  the  proposition  ;  as,  "John  reads." 

The  Possessive  case  denotes  possession, 
origin,  or  fitness  ;  as  "John's  hat,"  "The  sun's 
rays,"  "Men's  shoes." 

The  Objective  case  is  the  object  of  the  verb. 

The    ])  a  t  i  v  e  case  denotes  that  to  or  far  which  ani 

thing  is  or  is  done.  * 

i 

*  The  indirect  object  is   distinct   andseparato    lroin   the 
other  relations,  and  though  it  is  rare  in  its  occurrence,  m 
be  distinguished,  and  may   properly  be  called  by  its  true 
nauie.     It  is  the  office  of  the  dative  to  express  this  relation. 


28  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  [75 — 76 

The  vocative  ease  denotes  the  person  or 
thing  addressed. 

74.  lo  decline  is  to  give  the  cases,  numbers,  and 
persons. 

Nouns  are  declined  thus  : 

Singular.  Plural. 

Nominative  Boy,  Nbm.'~Boys} 

Possessive    Boy's,  Poss.  Boys', 

Objective     Boy.  Obj.    Boys. 

Deeline  girl,  bird,  box,  hand. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  Susan  reads..  Susan  is  a  noun,  it  is  a  name  ; 
proper,  it  is  a  particuliar  name  ;  feminine  gender,  it  is  the 
name. of  a  female;  third  person,  spoken  of;  singular,  num- 
ber, it  means  but  one  ;  nominative  case,  it  is  the  subject,  by 

Eule  I.  The  subject  of  the  proposition  is  put  in  the  nom- 
inative case. 

Water  flows.  Roses  bloom.  Apples  fall. 
Horses  run.  TJie  Saviour  lives.  Abraham  was 
faithful.  England  was  invaded.  Exercise  strength- 
ens.    Stealing  is  base.     David  was  king. 

Write  sentences  containing  these  words  as  Subjects  : 
Water.   Flowers.     Spring.    Rivers.    Country. 
Peaches.     Flour.     Iron.     Molasses.     Coffee. 


LESSON  XV. 

j  FORMATION  OF  THE  CASES  OF  NOUNS.     « 

75.  The  nominative,  objective,  da- 
tive, and  vocative  cases  have  the  same  form. 

This  is  the  simple  form  of  the  noun. 

76.  The  nominative  maybe  determined  by  ask- 
ing the  question  who  ?  or  whatf;  as,  "John  runs." 
Who  runs?  Ans.  John.  John  is  in  the  nomina- 
tive case. 


77—79]  noun^.  -29 

77.  The  I*  o  8  s,e  s  si  Ve  case  singular  is  lonn- 
0(1  by  adding  the  apostrophe  (')  and  5;  as,  in 
John's  hat. 

1.  When  the  5  will  not  unite  easily  with  the 
word,  the  apostrophe  only  is  added  ;  as,  for  con- 
science' sake,  Moses'  hat)  Thetis'  son.  See  II.  S, 
Gr.  256,  6. 

2.  When  the  plural  ends  in  s,  the  apostro- 
phe only  is  added  ;  as,  7  he  boys'  boohs.  The  girls' 
play. 

When  the  ph\ral  does  not  end  in  s,  the  pos- 
sessive is  formed  as  in  the  singular;  as,  Men's 
hats. 

Form  the  possessive  case  of  these  nouns :  Man. 
tree,  girl,  horse,  William,  Thomas,  Susan,  Mary, 
cow,  horses,  boys,  girls,  men. 

78.  The  direct  Objective  may  be  deter- 
mined by  asking  whom?  ox  what?;  as,  "He  cuts 
wood."  What  does  he  cut  ?  Ans.  wood.  Wood 
is  in  the  objective. 

79.  The  indirect  object  or  Dative  by  asking  to 
or  for  whom;  as," He  gave  me  a  book."  To 
iv horn  did  he  give  it?  Ans.  me.  Me  is  the  indi- 
rect or  dative  object. 

EXERCISES. 

]\Iodel.  Mary's  book  is  new.  Mary's  is  a  proper  noun,  a 
particular  name ;  feminine  gender,  the  name  of  a  female : 
third  person,  spoken  of;  singular  number,  means  but  one  ; 
possessive  case,  denotes  possession  and  limits  book,  by 

Rule  V.  A  noun  or  pronoun  limiting  another  noun 
denoting  a  different  person  or  thing  is  put  in  the  possessive 
case. 


30  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  [81 — 83 

Mary's  lesson  is  easy.  Rufus's  book  is  new. 
William's  uncle  is  a  farmer.  Men's  .shoes  are 
large  and  strong.  The  sun's  rays  enlighten  the 
earth.  My  garden  is 'productive.  His  book  is 
clean,  your  book  is  soiled. 

Supply  possessive  cases  in  these  propositions : 

sister  sings.    father  is  coming.    

hat  is  lost.     hats  are  made  of  fur.     rays 

are  not  so  bright  as  the  — — .     skin  is  thick. 

top  is  high. 


'•;■;*  *  LESSON  XVI. 

PRONOUNS.      • 

81.  A  Pronoun  is  a  word  which  is  not  the 
name  of  an  object,  but  which  may  be  used  instead 
of  [a  noun.  «* 

82.  Pronouns  are  divided  into  P  e  r  s  o  u  a  1 , 
Possessive,  Demonstrative,  Inter- 
rogative, R  el  a  t  i  v  e  ,  and  Definitive 
pronouns. 

PERSONAL    PRONOUNS. 

83.  Personal  pronouns  are  those  that  show 
by  their  form  of  what  person  they  are. 

1.  They  are  I,  thou  or  you,  he,  she,  and  it. 

2.  1  represents  the  first  person,  thou  or  you  the 
second,  he,  she,  anjd  it  the  third. 

.3.  They  are.  divided  into  substantive  or  pure 
personal  pronouns,  which  do  not  stand  for  nouns 
hut  represenjjjpersons  themselves,  and  demoristra- 
tivcs. 


t  84—87]  pronouns.  31 

'84.  /,  and  thou  or  you,  are  substantive  pronouns. 

85.  He,  she  and  it,  arc  demonstratives,  that  is, 
they  point  out  precisely  the  objects  to  which 
they  relate;  as,  He  is  the  man,  she  is  the  woman, 
or  it  is  the  thing  that  you  seek. 

He  is  masculine,  she  feminine,  it  neuter. 

The  first  and  second  persons  have  no  form  to 
show  their  gender,  since  they  are  always  present 
and  their  gender  is  known. 

86.  They  are  thus  declined ; 


Singular. 

PlVfil. 

Mom.     Poss. 

Obj. 

Nbm. 

Poss. 

Obj. 

I,          my, 

me; 

.  We, 

our, 

us. 

Thou,    thy, 

thee; 

You, 

your, 

you. 

He,       his, 

hiin; 

They, 

their, 

them. 

She,      her, 

her; 

They, 

their, 

them. 

It,         its, 

it; 

They, 

their, 

them. 

1.  The  Dative  has  the  same  form  as  the  objec- 
tive. In  fact,  him  and  them  are  true  datives  and 
not  objective,  except  in  usage. 

2.  The  vocative  has  the  same  form  as  the  nom- 
inative. 

87.  Some  grammarians  give  two  forms  of  the 
possessive  case,  as  my  or  mine,  thy  or  thine,  your 
or  yours. 

Others  consider  my,  thy,  £v.,  the  true  possessive 
cases,  and  others  still  restrict  the  possessive  case; 
to  mine,  $c. 

My  and  thy  now  perform  the  office  of  the  pos- 
sessive case  ;  as,  My  hat. 

In  poetry  and  in  solemn  style  mine  and  thine 
are  sometimes  used  as   possessive   cases,   before 


32  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [88 

tli'e  vowels  and  silent  h;  as,  "  iJfme  hour  is  not 
vet  come.".   Mine  iniquity.      7/iwie  agxnry. 

Thou  is  now  used  only  in  addressing  the  Deity, 
in  the    Scriptures,  in   solemn   and   impassioned- 
writings,  and  among  the  Friends. 

88.  Myself,  thyself,  himself,  'herself,  itself,  with 
their  plurals,  ourselves,  yourselves,  themselves  are 
compound  personal  pronouns.     • 

1.  They  are  joined  to  nouns  and  pronouns  to 
make  them  more  emphatic;  as/  "I  myself." 
"The  mountains  themselves  decay  with  years." 

2.  They  are  also  used  when  the  subject  and 
object  are  the  same  person  ;  as,  "  I  blame  ray- 
self."  "She  admires  herself/'  They  are  then 
called  Reflexive  pronouns. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  I  study  my  lesson.  I  is  a  personal  pronoun,  it 
points  out 'the  person,  substantive  kind;  first  person,  it 
denotes  the  speaker ;  singular  number,  means  but  one; 
nominative  case,  it  is  the  subject,  by  Kule  I. 

Tho  no  pronoun  in.  the  predicate  of  a  proposition 

is  parsed,  by  Kule  III. 

The  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  predicate  agrees  with  the 
subject  in  case)  as,  "  James  is  sprinter." 

I  am  glad  to  see.  you.  My  horse  is  in  the  field. 
You  yourself  said  it.  ■  The  mountains  themselves 
decay  with  years.  Franklin  was  a  printer's  ap- 
prentice. General  Lee  is  the  Commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Confederate  army. 

Insert  personal'  pronouns : 

■  am  going  to  see cousin.     house 

is  near  — ~  brother's.     ■ may  go  with . 

Will  - —  bring bonnet.    wish  to   see 

— — .     Come  with . 


89—90]  DEMONSTRATIVE  rRONOUNS. 

LESSON- XV]  I. 

POSSESSIVE    AND   DEMONSTRATIVE    PRONOUNS. 

89.  The  Possessive  pronouns  are  those 
-which  stand  for  nouns  and,  at  the  same  time, 
deuote  possession. 

X  They  are  mine,  thme,'his,  hersyits,  oars,  yours, 
theirs. 

2.  His  and  it$  are  the  same  as  the  possessive 
cases  of  the  personal  pronouns.  Hers,  ours,  youn . 
theirs,  are  formed  from  the  possessive  cases  by 
adding  s. 

3.  They  have  the  same  person,  number,  gen- 
der,, and  case  as  tl;e  nouns  which  they  represent  • 
as,  «  This  book  is  yours."  Yours  is  equal  to  ymtr 
book  and  has  all  the  properties  of  book. 

4.  They  are  indeclinable  and  used  in  the  nom- 
inative and  objective  cases  only;  as,  "The  book 
is  mine,  hers  is  lost,  but  he  has  found  his." 

90.  The  demonstrative  pronouns  are  this  and 
thai  and  their  plurals  these  and  those. 

1.  They  point  out  precisely  the  objects  to  which 
they  relate. 

2.  This  and  these  refer  to  the  nearest  objects  ; 
that  and  those  to  the  more  distant. 

EXERCISES. 

This  is  my  book  ;  that  is  yours.     Your  pleas- 
mine  are  yet  to  come.     Mr.  Bowen 
my  father's  friend,  has  returned.     The  source  of 
the  Nile,  the  river  of  Egypt,  has  not  vat  been  di 
covered.     The  white  house  is  his. 

Insert  possessive  and  demonstrative  pronouns: 


34  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [91— 9< 

House  is ? is .    who  ar( 

industrious  wiH .     Whose  slate  is ?  — 

is ,  but is . are . 


LESSON    XVIII. 

INTERROGATIVE   AND    RELATIVE   PRONOUNS. 

91.  Interrogative  pronouns  are  those 
used  in   asking   questions;    as,    "Who   is   your 

friend  ?  " 

1.  They  are  who,  which,  and  lohat. 

2.  Who  is  used  in  reference  to  persons  ;  which 
and  :what  in  reference 'either  to  persons  or  things. 

r-8.  Who  is  always  used  without  a  noun  or  sub- 
stantively; which  and  what  are  also  used  as  adjec- 
tives ;  as  "  Whichhook  are  you  reading?  "  "  What 
man  is  that  ?" 

4.  They  are  declined  like  the  relative  pro- 
nouns. 

5.  Interrogatives  refer  to  a  noun  or  pronoun 
following  them  called  the  consequent;  as  "  Whose 
hat  is  this?"  Ans.  John's.  Whose  refers  to 
Johns.  .  • 

RELATIVE    PRONOUNS. 

92.  "  The  boy,  who  studies,  will  learn."  Who 
relates  to  boy  and  stands  for  it.  It  also  connects 
"Who studies  "  with  "The  boy  will  learn." 

Who  -is  called  a  relative  pronoun. 

93  The  Relative  pronouns  are  who,  which, 
tohat,  and  that.  As  is^a  relative  after  many,  such, 
and  same. 


94 — 95]  pronouns.  85 

94.  Relative  pronouns  stand  for 
nouns  and  connect  propositions  or 
clauses. 

.  1.  The  clause  in  which  they  stand  is  called  the 
relative  clause  and  it  is  always  a  subordinate  or 
modifying  proposition. 

2.  They  cannot  stand  in  principal  propositions, 
while  personal  pronouns  can. 

3.  Who  stands  for  persons,  which  for  animals 
and  things.  That  is  used  in  the  place  of  who  or 
which. 

4.  Who  is  never  used  as  an  adjective. 

5.  Which  may  be  used  as  an  adjective,  as  for 
which  reason. 

6.  The  noun  for  which  the  relative  stands  is 
called  its  antecedent. 

7.  The  relative  pronoun  always  relates  t<> 
some  definitive  word  expressed  or  understood 
modify  in  g  its  antecedent,  called  the  correla- 
tive; as,  "  He  is  the  man  xohom  I  saw.''  The  is 
the  correlative. 

95.  The  relatives  have  the  same  form  in  both 
numbers  and  are  thus  declined  : — 


JVbwi.,«\Vho, 

Poss., 

Whjfcc, 

Oty\)  Whom. 

"      Which; 

u 

Whose, 

"     Which 

"       That, 

*'     That. 

Which, 

"     Which 

Thai,  the  original  relative,  has  no  posse; 
now  existing.     Whose  may  be  used  for  it  when 
needed. 


36  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  [96 — 97 

96.  What  is  used  as  a  relative  in  both  nurn- 
beis;  as  "This  is  what  is  wanted."  "  These 
books  are  what  are  wanted." 

1.  What  is  used  as  a  relative  only  when  the 
antecedent  is  omitted.  Where  the  antecedent  is 
expressed  which  is  used  ;  as,  "  I  saw  ivhat  I  desir- 
ed to  see,"  "I  saw  the  thine/  which  1  desired  to 
see." 

2.  What  is  usually  parsed  as  a  compound  rela- 
tive equivalent  to  that  which;  as,  "I  know  what 
you  desire."  "  I  know  that  which  you  desire:" 
(hat  as  the  antecedent  and  object  of  know,  which 
as  the  relative  and  object  of  desire. 

3.  It  is  simpler  and  more  consistent  with  the 
structure  of  propositions,  to  parse  the  clauses 
containing  ivhat  and  similar  words  as.  wholes, 
subjects  or  objects  '  of  the  propositions  ;  .  as, 
"  What  you  desire  "  is  the  object  of  know,  and 
"what"  the  object  of  desire. 

97.  Whoever,  whichever,  wJiatever,  whoso,  wjioso- 
,  whichsoever,  and  whatsoever,  are  called  Com- 
pound Relatives. 

1.  They  are  parsed  like  what;  as  "  Whoever 
studies  will  learn."  Whoever  studies  is  the  sub- 
ject of  will  learn,  and  whoever  the  subject  gf  studies. 

2.  They  are  also  used  without  antecedents. 

3.  Only  whoever  and  whosoever  are  declinable. 
They  are  the  same  in  both  numbers,  as  follows : 

Xo?n.  Whoever.      Poss.  Whosever.       Obj.  Whomever. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  Who  is. a  pronoun,  it  stands  for  a  noun;  inter- 
rogative, it  aeks  a  question  ;  ihird  person,  singular,  to  agree 


98]         .  DEFINITIVE   PRONUONS.  37 

with  the  arnswer,  father,  by  Rule^lX;  and  in  the  nominative 
case,  by  Rule  I. 

Who  is  a  pronoun,  it  stands  for  a  noun  ;  relative,  it  relates 
to  man,  and  connects  the  clauses;  third  person,  singular,  to 
agree  with  man,  by  Rule  IX;  and  in  the  nominative  case, 
by  Rule  I. 

Fointout  the  clauses,  thus:  "The  man  is  happy,"  is  the 
principal  clause,  "  Who  is  good,"  is  the  relative  clause. 
Who  connects  the  two  together.    • 

Who  gave  this  book  to  yqi  My  father  gave 
it  to  me.  Which  is  your  book  ?  The  one  with 
a  red  coyer  is  mine.  The  man,  ivho  is  good,  is 
happy.  He  is  the  man,  whom  I  saw.  The  rose, 
which  we  saw,  was  fading.  Whoever  is  indue 
trious  and  temperate  will  succeed. 

Supply  pronouns  in-  these  sentences : 

shall  I   do?     did   you   say   it  was? 

are  you  going  to  see  ?     This  is  the  boy 


came  with  us.     crosses  the  bridge  must  pny 

toll.     The' tree, 1  planted,  i3  producing  fruit 

This  is  tlie  dog  ^ was  barking. 


LESSON  XIX. 

i 

DEFINITIVE    PRONOUNS. 

(.>S.  The  Definitive  pronouns  are  those  that  a*e 
sometimes  used  as  adjectives  to  define  nouns,  and 
sometimes  as  pronouns;  as,  "  JFAtsbook,"  ■  "  This 
is  mine." 

1.  They   are  (1.)  the   demonstrative   pronou 
this,  that,   these  aud   t    sc,  (2.)  the  deatributives  * 
each,  every,  eitfo  r,  and  neither,  (3.)  the  indefinites 
some,  one,  all,  any,  stick,' none,  several,  another,  other, 


38  ELEMENTARY  GRAMMAR.  [99 

both,  few,    own,'  much,    many,  same,    former,  and 
latter. 

2.   One,  other,  and  another  are  thus  declined  : 


Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Plu. 

Sing. 

Xom. 

One, 

ones, 

Other, 

others, 

Another. 

Poss. 

One's, 

ones', 

Other's, 

others', 

Another's 

Obj.   ' 

One; 

ones. 

Other ; 

others. 

Another. 

3.  Another  is  not  found  in  the  plural. 

4.  These  pronouns  may  be  modified  like  nouns; 
as,  each  one,  some  one. 

99.  Such  forms  as  each  other,  one  another  are 
called  Reciprocal  pronouns. 

They  are  treated  as  compounds  and  form  their 
possessives  as  such  ;  as,  each  other's,  one  another's. 

"Bear  one  another's  burdens."  That  is,  let 
each  one  bear  the  other's  burdens.  "  They  praise 
each  other."  Each  is  in  apposition  with  they, 
and  other  the  object  of  praise. 

EXERCISES. 

There  are  two  coats,  you  may  have  either  of 
them.  This  book  is  mine,  that  is  yours.  Some 
place  the  bliss  in  action,  some  in  ease.  Some  one 
is  calling  you.  Each  one  must  account  for  him- 
self.    Bear  one  another's  burdens. 

Complete  these  sentences : 

Let  each assist,  the .     You  may  take 

of  the .     Choose of  the  three. 

flowers  are  ,  are  .     Ko 

blames '-.     man  praises . 


100—103]  ADJECTIVES.  29 

LESSON   XX. 

ADJECTIVES. 

100.  I  say  Wgood  man,  a  tall  man,  this  man,  that 
man.  Good  and  tall  describe  man.  Ihis  and  that 
point  out  which  one  is  meant. 

They  are  all   adjectives. 

101.  An  A  dj  e  cti  v  e  is  a  word  joined  to  a 
noiih  or  pronoun  to  describe  or  define  it. 

1.  It  may  with  the  verb  to  be  form  the  predicate 
of  a  proposition,  but  cannot  of  itself  form  the 
subject.    * 

2.  That  it  may  be  predicated  of  the  subject  the 
copula  be  is  used ;  as.  "  The  sun  is  bright." 

3.  The  primary  use  of  the  adjective  is  to  ex- 
press the  predicate.  When  we  know  that  "  an 
apple  is  sweet,"  we  may  speak  of  it  as  "  a  sweet 
apple  "or  use  it  in  an  attributive  sense. 

4.  Some  adjectives  express  the  predicate  only; 
as,  alike,  alone,  awake,  aware,  mindful,  worth, 

5.  Some  are  rarely  used,  except  as  attributes; 
as,  dally,  hourly,  golden,  thievish,  'paternal,  fraternal^ 
#e. 

102.  There  are  two  kinds  of  adjectives,  descrip- 
tive and  definitive. 

103.  Descriptive    adjectives  describe  nouns 
by  pointing  out  their  qualities  ;  as,  a  good  mau,  a^ 
kind  man. 

1.  Adjectives  derived  from  proper  names  are 
called  jiropcr  adjecfivi  8.  They  should  begin  with 
capital  letters;  as,  Roman,  American. 

■1.  Those  derived  from  verbs  are  called  verbal 
adjectivqp;  as,  endtering  friendship,  a  learned  imu\. 


40  "        ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.        [104 — 106 

104.  The  adjective  is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun, 
as  good  and  evil,  right  and  wrong,  the  chief  good. 

EXERCISES.- 

Model.     iSiveet  is  a  descriptive  adjective,    it   is   a  word    ■ 
joined  to  a  noun  to  describe  it,  and  belongs  to  apples,  by 

Kule  VI.  Adj ec lives  modify  the  nouns  ivhich  they 
describe  or  define. 

Table  is  a  common  noun,  a  general  name;  neuter  gender, 
neither  male  nor  female;  third  person,  spoken  of;  singular 
number,  means  but  one  ;  and  objective  case,  it  is  the  object 
of  strikes,  by 

llule  X.  The  object  of  the  the  transitive  verb  is  put  in 
the  objective  case. 

The  apple  is  sweet.     James  strikes  the  table. 
The  bright  sunlight  chases  away  the  clouds.     The 
tall  trees   bend   before   the   strong   wind.     The 
olimate  of  this  favored  region  is  delightful. 
Complete  these  sentences  by  inserting  adjectives : 

houses  are .     The ■  dog  is  a 

animal.     The  - —  man  will  become .     

men  are .     The  pear  is  a fruit.     Whose 

children  are  — — ? 


LESSON    XXI. 

DEFINITIVE   ADJECTIVES. 

105.  Definitive  adjectives  define  or  limit 
nouns,  by  pointing  out  which  one,  or  how  many ; 
as,  this  man,  that  man,  each  man,  ten  men. 

They  are  divided  into  numeral  and  pronominal 
adjectives. 

106.  Numerals  are  Words  used  in  count- 
ing, and  are  of  two  kinds,  cardinals-  sm&^ordinals. 


107—108]        DEFINITIVE   ADJECTIVES. 


41 


1.  The    Cardinals   denote  how  many  ;  as,    „ 
o?ie,  two. 

2.  The   O  r  d in  a  1  s   denote  which   one  ;    as, 
first,  second. 

3.  The  leading  cardinals,,  Ordinals,  and  numeral 
adverbs  are : — 


Cardinals. 

One, 

Two, 

Three, 

Four,  &c. , 

Ten, 

Twenty-one, 


Ordinal*. 
First, 
Second, 
Third, 
Fourth,  &q.j 
Tenth,' 
Twenty -one. 


Xmrn  ral  Adverts 


Once, 
Twice, 
Thrice, 
Four  times, 
Ten  times, 


Firstly. 

Secondly. 

Thirdly. 

Fourthly. 

Tenthly. 


Twcnty-pne,&c  Twenty-first. 


107.  The  pronominal  adjectives  are  those 
that  arc  sometimes  used  as  pronouns. 

When  used  with  nouns,  they  are  adjectives  ; 
when  used  without  nouns,  they  are  pronouns  ;  as. 
This  man,  Here  this  is  an  adjective.  This  is 
mine.     Here  this  is  a  pronoun. 

108.  Pronominal  adjectives  are  divided 
into  dem  nstratives,  distributives,  and  indefinites, 

1.  The  demonstratives  are  this,  that,  these. 
(hose,  yon,  yonder.  They  point  out  precisely  which 
are  meant. 

2.  The  distributives  are  each,  every  f either 
and  neither.  They  point  out  objects  separately  ; 
as,  each  man,  each  separate  man. 

3.  The  indefinites  arc  some,  any,  all. 
such,  same,  former,  latter,  own,  Utile,    much,  both, 

ral,  many*  fw,  no  or  none,   one,  other,  another, 
which,  whichever,  whichsoever,  what,  whatever,  what, 
soever. 
They  point  out  no  particular  person  or  thing. 


42  ELEMENTARY   &RAMMAE.        [109 — 110 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  This  man  is  tall.  This  is  a  definitive  adjective, 
demonstrative  kind,  it  defines  precisely  wnat  is  meant ;  it 
defines  man,  by  Kule  VI. 

Remark. — Definitives  must  agree  with  their  nouns  in 
number. 

These  apples  are  sweet.  '■  Ten  units  make  one 
ten.  Yonder  tall  tree  is  a  long-leaved,  pine. 
Each  hour  brings  its  duties. 

That  little  cottage  yonder  is  my  own.  The 
same  man  whom  we  saw  yesterday  will  meet  us 
to-day. 

Compose  sentences  containing  these  adjectives  : — 

Good,  tall,  excellent,  high,  green,  each,  several,* 
many,  studious,  no,  brave,  sweet. 


LESSOR  XXII. 

COMPARISON   OF   ADJECTIVES. 

109.  I  may  say,  this  man  is  tall,  that  man  is 
taller,  but  James  is  the-tallest. 

1.  Here  are  three  different  degrees  of  height ; 
tall,  taller,  tallest 

2.  This  distinction  is  cajled  in  Grammar  com- 
parison. 

110.  There  are  three  degrees  of  comparison ; 
positive,  comparative,  and  super- 
lativ  e. 

1.  The  first  is  the  simple  or  positive  state,  tall. 

2.  It  describes  without  comparison. 

3.  The  second  is  the  comparative  degree,  taller. 


111—112]  COMPARISON.  48 

4.  It  expresses  a  higher  or  lower  degree  ol 
•  [imlity  than  the  positive  ami  makes  a  comparison 
between  two. 

5.  It  is  formed  by  adding  r  or  er  to  the  posi- 
tive. %- 

(>.  The  third  is  the  superlative  degree,  tallest. 

7.  It  expresses  the  highest  or  lowest  degree, 
and  makes  a  comparison  between  three  or  more. 

8.  It  is  formed  by  adding  si- or  est  to  the  posi- 
tive. 

111.  Adjectives  of  one  syllable  and  many  of 
more  than  one  are  thus  compared  : — 


yosit\rt . 

Comparative. 

Supcrhttit  >  . 

High, 

higher, 

highest. 

Sweet, 

sweeter, 

sweetest. 

Happy, 

happier, 

happiest. 

Fie  changed  into  I  before  er'&nd  est ;  as,  hap- 
py, happier,  happiest. 

Compare  in  this  manner : — long,  safe,  light, 
heavy,  broad,  great,  large,  hot,  noble,  able,  lofty.     - 

112.  The  comparative  degree  is  usually  follow- 
ed by  than  and  a  noun  in  the  nominative  to  a 
verb  understood;  as,  "AVisdom  is  better  than 
rubies  [are.] 

exei;< 

• 

Moi-ia..  Thomas  is  taller  than  .lames.  Taller  is  an 
u«yectfve,  a  word  joined  to  w  noun  to  modify  it  ;  descriptive, 
%  describes  Thomas  :  comparative  degree,  if  makes  a  com; 

parison  between  two,  anil  modifies  Thomas,  by  Rule  VI. 

Wisdom  is  better4* than   rubies.     Platinum  is 
heavier  than  gold ;    it  is  the    heaviest    of    tlie  # 
metals.  * 


44 


ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.         [113 — 116 


Mary  is  taller  »than  Jane.  She  is  the  tallest  of 
the  sisters.     You  are  stronger  than  he  is. 

Complete  these  sentences : — 

Iron  is  — — -  than  lead.  The  pine  is  — : —  than 
the  oak. 

Susan  is   the  of  the  family.     The  


pine  is  a 


tree. 


James  is , 


and 


LESSON    XXIII. 


COMPARISON    CONTINUED. 

113.  Most  long  adjectives  are  compared  by  the 
help  of  more  and  most,  or  less  and  least ;  as  pleas- 
ant, more  pleasant,  most  pleasant ;  industrious,  less 
industrious,  least  industrious. 

114.  Diminution  of  quality  is  expressed  by  less 
and  least ;  as,  less  beautiful,  least  beautiful. 

The  ending  ish  expresses  a  slight  degree  of 
quality  ;  as,  blackish,  somewhat"  black  ;  sweetish, 
a  little  sweet. 

115.  Some  adjectives  are  detective  in  some  of 
the  degrees,  which  are  Supplied,  by  other  words. 


EXAMPLES. 

PbsUive.           Comparative.  < 

Superlative?. 

Good,                     better,* 

best. 

Bad,  ill,  or  evil,     worse, 

worst. 

Much,  or  many,     more, 

most. 

Little,                     less, 

least. 

Old,                        older,  elder, 

oldest,  eldest. 

.116.  A  few  adjectives  are.  irregular,   but  not 
#  defective ;  as, 


[7—119] 

com  par: 

[SON.                                4 

Aft, 

after, 

aftermost. 

Far, 

farther, 

farthest. 

Fore, 

former, 

foremost,  'first. 

(Forth,) 

further, 

furthest. 

Hind, 

hinder, 

hindmost,  hin&ermosl 

Late, 

later, 

latest,  or  last. 

Low, 

lower, 

lowest,  lowermost. 

Near, 

nearer, 

nearest,  next. 

117'.  Some  are  deiective  in  the  positive  forming 
their  comparative  and.superlative  from  preposi- 
tions and  adverbs ;  as, 


(Out,) 

outer,  or 

utter, 

outmost,  uttermost, 

(In.) 

inner, 
hither, 

innermost,  inmost, 
hithermost. 

[(Be)neath, 

nether, 
under, 

nethermost, 
undermost. 

Rear, 

rearmost. 

Like  rear  are  compared,  front,  mid,  middh , 
north,  south,  east,  ivest,  northern,  southern,  eas'tem, 
western. 

118.  In  the  double  forms,  much  is  used  in  speak- 
ing of  quantity,  many  of  number;  nearest  is  used 
in  reference  to  place;  next,  to  time;  later  and 
latest,  in  reference  to  time  ;  latter  and  last,  to 
order ;  further  means  more  in  front ;  farther  more 
distant. 

119.  A  few  descriptive  adjectives  cannot  l»> 
compared;  as,  Almighty,  chief,  circular,  confined., 
dead,  empty,  everlasting,  eternal,  false,  free,  infix  it  <  . 
natural, perfect^  solid,  sound,  square,  free,  fie. 

1.  Some  of  these  are  used  by  good  writers   in 
the  different  degrees  ;  as,  "  A  more  perfect  resem 
blance." 


46  -  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.        [120 — 122 

.Compare  these  words  : — 

Beautiful,  courageous,  grateful,  unmindful, 
high,  generous,  small,  penurious,  empty,  eternal 
lofty. 

EXERCISES, 

The  best  men  are  not  the  most  successful.* 
The  worst  men  are  otten  successful.     Honesty 

is  the  best  policy.     Truth  is  more  wonderful  than 

fiction. 
His  oldest  brother's  son  was   sick.     William, 

the  Conqueror,  defeated  Harold,  tlie  Saxon  king. 

Joseph,  Jacob's  favorite  son,  was  sold. 
Compose  sentences  containing^these  words  : — 
Everlasting,  good,  industrious,  manly,  amiable, 

lovely,  tall,  handsome,  delightful. 


I/ESSON  XXIV. 

ARTICLES. 

120.  The  words  a  or  an  and  the  are  called  arti- 
cle s. 

121.  A  or  an  is  called  the  indefinite   article. 
Ihe  is  called  the   d  e  f  i  n  i  te   article. 

122.  The  noun  without  the  article  is  used  in  its- 
widest  sense.  Man  means  all  men,  the  race  of 
men. 

1.  A  man  means  one  man,  but  no  particular 
man.    , 

*  Most  successful  and  similar  forms  should  be  parsed 
together  as  comparatives  or  superlatives. 


123—124]  ARTICLES.  47 

2.  The  man  means  a  particular  man,  who  was 
mentioned  or  known  before ;  as,  "1  met  a  man 
and  a  boy.  The  man  said  to  the  boy,  &c." 
Here  the  refers  back  to  the  man  and  boy  just  men- 
tioned.    Also,  "  The  man  ivJiom  you  saw." 

3.  Certain  words  which  arc  definite  .in  them- 
selves, do  not  require  this  reference ;  as,  The 
President.  \  The  horse,  when  the  species  is  meant,' 
&c. 

123.  An  is  used  before  vowel  sounds,  but  drops 
the  n  before  consonant  sounds  ;  as,  An  apjile,  an 
inkstand,  an  hour,  a  horse,  a  man. 

124.  A  or  an  is  used  with  singular  nouns,  the 
with  singular  or  plural. 

Correct  these  exercises. 

A  apple.  A  hour.  A  ounce.  An  horse.  An 
high  hill.  A  industrious  man.  An  horse  is  an 
useful  animal.  A  inkstand  was  on  an  book.  A, 
honest  man  sold  me  a  ox.  A  old  coat  is  an  use- 
less garment.  She  has  an  handsome  goat  and  an 
ewe. 

Articles  modify  nouns  by  these  rules : — 

Rule  VII.     2 he  -indefinite  article  modifies  nouns  in 
the  singular  number. 

Rule  VIII.      The  definite  article  modifies  nouns  in 
the  singular  ox  plural  number. 

Insert  articles,  §c,  here : — 

cherry  is pleasant  fruit.     honest 

man  is  always .     James  saw hawk  and 

dove.     ■ dove   flew   from  hawk. 

Milton poet     Edward Black    Prince, 


48  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.        [125 — 182 

.  LESSON  XXV. 

THE   VERB   AND   ITS   CLASSES. 

125.  The  verb  is  a  word  that  asserts  some- 
thing. It  is  a  word  that  by  itself  may  form  the 
predicate  of  a  proposition. 

126.  In  respect  to  the  proposition,  verbs  are 
divided  hit©  two  classes,  Abstract  ana Concrete. 

.  127.  Abstract  verbs  do  not  of  themselves 
form  the  predicates  of  propositions,  but  serve  as 
c  o  p  u  \  a  s  to  connect  the  subject  and  predicate  ; 
as,  "  The  apple  is  sweet."  -"He  seems  well." 
•v  He  appears  cold." 

Is  when  asserting  being  may  form  the  predicate; 
»d  is"     "I  am." 

128.  Concrete  verbs  are  those  which  may  form 
the  predicates;  as,  "  John  runs."     "Mary  reads." 

129.  When  I  say  "  John  runs "  I  express 
a  complete  thought,  but  when  I  say  "  John  rea'ds  " 
something  else,  a  book  or  paper  is  necessary  to 
complete  the  thought. 

130.  Hence  in  construction  there  are  two 
.lasses  of  verbs;  Complete  and  Incom- 
plete, or  Intransitive  and  Transi- 
tive. 

131.  Complete  or  Intransitive  verbs 
ar<j  those  that  do  not  require  the  addition  of  an 
object  to  eomplcte  the  sense;  as,  "John  runs." 
-The  rain  falls." 

132.  Incomplete  or  Transitive  verbs 
are  those  that  require  the  addition  of  an  object  to 
complete  the  sense ;  as,  "  He  reads  a  paper,  book, 
or  letter." 


133 — 135]  CLASSES   OP   VERBS.  49 

133.  Transitive  means  passing  over ;  in- 
transitive,' not  imssing  over. 

1.  The  incomplete  verbs  are  called  transitive, 
because,  physically  speaking,  the  action  passes 
over  from  the  actor  to  the  object. 

2.  If  we  can  place  it  or  them  after  a  verb  and 
make  sense  it  is  transitive,  btherwise,  it  is  intran- 
sitive. 

i 

134.  In  transitive  verbs  the  action  or  state 
terminates  upon  some  object;  in  intransitive 
verbs,  it  terminates  in  the  subject. 

Hence  tiansitive  verbs  are  called  objective;  in- 
transitive xerbsisiibjectivc. 

135.  A  few  intransitive,  verbs  require  a  modifi- 
cation to  complete  the  sense  ;  as,  he  behaves  well  • 
or  ill  or  he  behaves  himself.  In  the  last  case  the 
action  still  ends  in  the  subject,  and  it  belongs  to 
the  subjective  or  intransitive  verbs.  They  are 
called  reflexiveverbs. 

They  are  such  as  behaves,  bestir,  bethink,  boast, 
delight,  exercise,  foresee,  fret,  repent,  and  vaunt. 

1.  Others  are  both  reflexive  and  transitive  :  as 
I  examine  mgself  I  examine  him.  They  are  such 
as,  examine,  honor,  purify,  kill,  praise,  $c. 

2.  A  few  intransitives  by  a  change  of  form  be- 
come transitive  ;  as,  "  The  treenails. "  "  ITe  fells 
the  tree,"  that  is,  causes  it  to  fall.  "  It  lies  there. " 
"  lie  lays  it  there,"  that  is,  causes  it  to  lie.  They 
are  called   causative   verbs. 

*  3.  Others  do  not  change  their  form  ;  as,  "  The 
ship  sinks."    "  The  pirate  sink*  the  ship."    "  Ffre 
farm  wood."    "  The  "wood  burns."    "The  man 
burns  wood,"  that  is,  causes  it  to  burn. 
3 


50  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.    '    [136 — 138 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  James  studies  his  book.  Studies  is 'a  verb,  it 
asserts  ;  transitive,  it  requires  an  object  to  complete  the 
sense  ;  third,  singular,  to  agree  with  James,  by  Kule  II. 

Kain  falls.  The  suow  melts.  The  warm  sun 
revives  the  earth.  The  trees  put  forth  their  leaves. 
The  flowers  and  grass  spring  up. 

The  woodman  fells  trees.  He  praise's  himself. 
Fire  burns  wood  and  coal.  The  robbers  burned 
the  house. 


LESSON  XXVI. 

THE   VOICES. 

136.  Transitive  verbs  have  two  forms,  called 
the  active  and  passive  voices. 

1ST.  In  the  active  voice  the  subject  is  re- 
presented as  acting  upon  some  object ;  as,  "John 
strikes  William." 

138.  In  the  passive  voice  the  subject  is  re- 
presented as  being  acted  up8n  ;  as,  "  "William  is 
struck  by  John/'  The  object  of  the  active  voice 
becomes  the  subject  of  the  passive. 

1.  The  passiv<*»is~a  convenient  form  of  expres- 
sion, when  we  wish  to  state  what  has  been  done 
without  naming  the  actor-;  as,  "  John  has  been 
struck." 

2.  Intransitive  verbs  do  not  admit  the  passive 
Tioice,  since  they  have  no  objget: 

3.  Some  intransitive  verbs  are  modified  by 
prepositions,  so  t^a't  the  verb  and  preposition  are 


138]  voices.  51 

treated  as  compounds.  They  then  receive  a  pas- 
sive voice ;. as,  " They  laughed  at  him."  "He 
was  laughed  at  by  them." 

4.  There  are  a  few  forms  like  "He  is  come/' 
"He  is  gone,"  &c,  that  appear  like  a 'passive 
voice  of  intransitive  verbs. 

5.  They  must  be  looked  upcm  as  peculiar  forms 
of  the  present  perfect  tense.  "lie  is  come"  for 
"He  hat  come,"  &c,  which  should  be  used  in 
their  stead.     See  II.  S.  Gr. 

Change  th-ese  sentences  into  passive  forms : — 

Model.     John  strikes  the  table.  ThetableissfruofcbyJohn. 

Fire  burns  wood.  The  rains  refresh  the  earth. 
Caesar  conquered  Gaul.  The  wind  blew  down 
the  tree.     James  studies  grammar. 

Change  these  to  active  forms : — 

The  enemy  was  defeated  by  Jackson.  ..The 
victory  was  gained  by  the  Confederates.  This 
house  was  built  by  my  father.  The  trees  were 
planted  by  the  gardener. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  The  bell  was  rung  by  me.  Was  rung  is  a  verb  .' 
transitive  ;  passive  voice,  the  object  is  used  as  the  subject ; 
third,  singular  to  agree  with  bell,  by  Rule  II. 

John  was  injured  by  a  fall.     William  conquered 
England.    Columbus  discovered  America.  Africa 
was  first  circum-navigated   by   the    Portiigm 
The   British   army   was  captured  at  Yorktown*. 
The  Confederates  gained  a  great  victory  al    M;»- 


*  The^  reasons  should  be  assigned  until,  in  (lie  judgement 
of  theHea^her,  thev  are  thoroughly  understood* 


r/2  ELEMENTARY  -GRAMMAR.        [139-— 141 

Insert  verbs  here : — 

Cattle  — : —  upon  grass.     The  cow  • milk, 

butter,  and  cheese.     The  tree by  my  brother. 

We  — —  our  parents,  and by  them.     The 

tree by  the  wind. 


LESSON  XXVII, 


THE   MODES. 


139/  Verbs  assert  action,  or  being  in  different 
ways  or  manners. 

When  I  say,  "  James  runs,"  I  assert  something 
positively,  as  actual. 

When  I  say  "I  may  go,"  "  I  can  run/'  I  assert 
something  as  possible. 

When  I  say,  "If  he  study,"!  assert  something 
as  doubtful  or  contingent. 

When  I  say,  "Go,"  "Come  here,"  I  assert 
something  as  necessar}T  in  the  form  of  a  com- 
mand. 

140.  These  four  forms  of  assertion,  as  actual, 
possible •,  contingent,  and  necessary,  are  *  called 
M  odes.     The  word  mode  means  manner. 

They  distinguish  the  manner  of  the  action*or 
state  asserted. 

14 1 .  There  are  four  modes,  Indicative,  Potential, 
Subjunctive,  and  Imperative* 

1.  The  I  n  d  i  c  a  t  i  v  c  is  used  to  assert  posi- 
tively. 

^.hool  Grammar. 


142—143]  PARTICIPIALS.  53 

2.  The  P  o't  e  n  t  i  it  1  asserts  power,  ability,  or 
necessity. 

3.  The   S  u  bj  u  n  c  t  i  v  e   is  used  to  assert  some- 
thing as  uncertain,  doubtful,  or  contingent.' 

4.  The   Imperative   mode  expresses  &  com- 
mand, exhortation,  or  entreaty. 

The  subjunctive  is  now  rarely  used. 
The  potential  mode  belongs  to  the  proposition 
rather  than  to  the  simple  verb. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  The  warm  sun  shines.  Shines  is  a  verb  ;  intran- 
sitive; indicative  mode,  it  asserts  positively  ;  third,  singular, 
to  agree  with  Sun,  by  Rule  11. 

James  goes  to  school.     He  is  fond  of  his  books. 

The  cold  wind. blows.    'America  was  discovered 

by  Columbus.     I  may  go. 

Compose  sentences  containing  these  ivords : — 
Study,   run,   play,  make,  strive,   find,  came, 

sing. 


LESSON   XXVIII 

THE  PARTICIPIALS. 

142.  There  are  certain  forms  attached  to  nearly 
all  verbs,  which  do  not  assert  and  are  therefore 
not  modes. 

143..  They  are*  the  I  n  fin  i  t  i  v  c  s ,  Pa  r  t  i  c  i  - 
pies   and  Verbal   noun. 

'They  are  called.  Participials.  ParticipU  and 
participial  mean  partaking  of. 


•  )4  ELEMENTARY    6  E  AM  MAR.         [144—148 

144.  The  infinitives  and  verbal  noun 
partake  of  the  nature  of  the  verb  and  noun ;  the 
p  a  j- 1  i.c  i  p  1  e  s  partake  of  the  nature  of  the  verb 
and  adjective. 

145.  The  Infinitive  is  found  in  two  forms  : 

1.  First,  the  simple  infinitive,  without  the 
sign  to.  It  is  vised  after  may,  can,  must,  will,  shall, 
let,  make,  have,  need,  do,  dare,  bid,  help,  see,  hear, 
feel. 

2.  Second,  the  infinitive  with  to  or  the  pre- 
positional infinitive. 

3.  For  example  the.  Saxon  infinitive  of  love -was 
lufian-,  while  the  supine  was  to  lufigenne  or  to  lufi- 
enne.  From  this  comes  our  English  to  love.  This 
form  has  nearly  taken  the  place  of  the  true  infin- 
itive. 

4.  Its  proper  name  is  the  Supine. 

146.  The  Participle  like  the  adjective  ex- 
presses both  the  predicate  and  the  attribute  ;  as 
"  The  sun  is  rising.''  u  The  rising  sun."  ."  The 
man  is  learned."     "The  learned  man." 

1.  Like  a  verb  it  denoted  the  completion  or  in- 
completion  of  an  action,  and  receives  the  same 
modifiers  that  it  does. 

2.  There  are  three  "participles,  the  Imperfect 
loving,  the  Perfect  loved,  and  the  Compound  hav- 
ing loved. 

147.  The  Imperfect  represents  an  action 
or  state  as  continuing;  the  Perfect,  as  fin- 
ished ;  the  Compound  as  completed  before 
some  other  action  or  state. 

148.  The  Verbal  noun  ends  in  ing  and  is 
the  name  of  an  action. 


149]  censes.  55 

1.  It  is  distinguished  from  tlie  participle  in  ing 
by  its  ability  to  form  the  subject  ol-a  proposition, 
which  the  participle  cannot  do  ;  as,  "  Writing,  is 
fatiguing." 

2.  It  is'a  participial,  because  it  receives  the 
modifications  of  the  verb ;  as,  "  Writing  letters  is 
a  pleasant  employment." 

3.  The  verbal  noun  is  closely  connected 
in  meaning  with  the  infinitive;  as,  "I  love  to 
play."     "Hove  playing."     "  To  play  ispleasant," 

•  or  "playing  is  pleasant." 

The  infinitives  are  parsed  by  Rule  XXI.     Les- 
-  son  XL VIII. 

The  participles  are  parsed  by  Rule  XXIV. 

EXERCISES. 

Playing  in  the  open  air,  is  pleasant.  Having 
learned  his  lesson,  he  ran  out  to  play.  It  is  base 
totelfan  untruth.  Seeing  the  multitudes,  he 
went  up  into  a  mountain. 

Compose  a  slwrt  exercise  describing  what  you 
saw  oh  your  way  to  school. 


•      LESSOK    XXIX. 

THE  TENSES. 
SECTION  I. 

.  149.  There  are  three  divisions  of  time,   p  rec- 
ent,  past,-  and   future. 

In  each  of  these  an  action  may  be  asserted  as 
indefinite,  going  on  or  progressive,  and 
completed. 


56  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.        [150—152 

He  writes  is  indefinite.     He  is  writing  is  progres- 
sive.    He  has  written  is  completed. 
•  150.  The  forms  .of  the  verb  made  use  of  to  ex- 
press these  relations  are  called  tenses. 

1.  The  word  tense  means  time. " 

2.  It  denotes  not  only  relations  of  time,  but 
also  the  completion  or  incompletion  of  the  action 
or  state  asserted. 

151.  There  are  nine  such  relations,  which  are 
usually  included  in  English  under  six  tenses; 
Present }  Pastx  Future,  Present  Perfect,  Past  Per- 
fect, Future  Perfect.    ■     v 

1.  The  Present,  Past,  and  Future  express'inde- . 
finite  action ;  the  others  express  completed  action.  > 

2.  Progressive  action  is  expressed  by  joining 
the  Imperfect  participle  to  the  lorms  of  the  verb 
be  or  am. 

152.  Our  tenses  are  divided  into  two  classes, 
•simple  and  compound. 

1.  The  simple  tenses  are  the  Present  and  Past. 

2.  The  compound  tenses  are  of  two  kinds,  those 
formed  with  have,  and  those  formed  with  shall 
and  will. 

3.  The  first  are  the  Present  and  Past  Perfect ; 
as,  "I  have  learned,"  •'  I  had  learned." 

4.  The  second  are  the  Future  and  Future  Per- 
fect. 

5.  There  are  also  compound  forms,  composed 
of  the  auxiliary  do  and  its  past  tense  did,  which 
are  used  to  express  emphasis;  as,  "Ido  learn," 
a  I  did  learn. " 


153 — 155]  TENSES.  57 

THE    PRESENT    TENSE. 

153.  The  Present  Tense  denotes  present 
time.       4  '  « 

1.  The  simple  form  is  indefinite  and  asserts 
what  is  true  and  customary;  as,  u Vice  produces 
misery."  " He  writes  well,"  that  is,  "lie  is  ac- 
customed to  do  it." 

2.  It  sometimes  denotes  a  progressive  action  ; 
as,  "He  breathes  slowly." 

3.  The  progressive  form  asserts  what  is  now 
going  on  ;  as,  "  He  is  writing,"  "I  am  studying 
my  lesson."  *    • 

4.  I  (ty  write  is  the  emphatic  form. 

THE   PAST   TENSE. 

154.  The   Past  tense   denotes  past  time. 

1.  The  simple  form  represents  an  action  mere- 
ly as  past;  as,  "I  wrote."     "lie  studied." 

2.  The  progressive  form  represents  an  action 
as  going  on,  at  some  pas^t  time  mentioned;  as, 
aIfe  was  writing,  when  we  came." 

155.  The  Past  tense  is  formed  in  two  ways,,  by 
adding  a  syllable,  as  in  leant,  learned;  and  by 
changing  the  yowcI  of  the  present,  as  in  sing,  sang. 

1.  The  second,  by  recent  scholars,  is. called  the 
strong  form,  and  the  first  is  called  the  weak. 

2.  The  Past  of  weak  verbs  is  formed  by  ad- 
ding d,  t,  or  ed,  to  the  present ;  as  learn-ed,  love-d; 
bend,  ben(d)t  ;  seek,  sough-t ;  buy,  lough-L 

3..  The  Present  and  Past  are  the  only   simple 
tenses,  and  strictly  speaking,  the  only  tenses   of 
3b 


58  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [15*6 

the  English  verb.     The  other  relations  of  time  are 

-*  -'         ■ 
expressed  by  means  of  helping  words  or  auxiliaries. 

EXERCISES.  fr 

.  Model.  Mary  plays  well.  Plays  is  a  .verb,  intransitive, 
indicative  mode,  present  tense,  it  denotes  present,  time,  third 
singular  to  agree  with  Mary,  by  Rule  II. 

Thomas  reads  his  book.  Dido  founded  Car- 
thage. Gentle  manners  arc  winning.  The  boys 
were  playing  in  the  streets.  William  listened 
attentively.  The  village  master  taught  his  little 
school.  Caesar  leaves  Gaul,  crosses  the  Rubicon, 
and  enters  Italy.  "When  he  comes,  we  will  re- 
turn. 

Compose  six  sentences  containing  verbs  in  the 
present  tense.     Also  six  containing  past   tenses. 


LESSON  XXX. 

SECTION   II. 

■0 

THE   COMrOUND   TENSES. 

1  st.    W  i  th  shall  and  will. 

THE   FUTURE. 

156.    The    Future    Tense    denotes   future 

time. 

1.  It  is  composed  of  shall  and  will  and  the  sim- 
ple infinitive  of  any  verb. 

2.  The  simple  form  asserts  merely  that  an  ac- 
tion will  take  place  hereafter ;  as,  "I  shall* write." 

3.  The  progressive  form  asserts  that  an  action 
will  be  going  on  at  some  future  time ;  as,  "  I  shall 
be  writing,  when  he  arrives." 


157 — 160]  COMPOUND   TENSES.  59 

157.  There  are  two  forms  of  the  Future,   the 
diet  ice  and  the  promissive. 

1.  Shall  in  the  first  person  and.  will  in  the 
second  and  third  simply  foretell,  and  form  the 
predictive^ 

2.  Will  in  the  first  person,    and   shall  in    the- 
second  and  third  refer  to  the  will  of  the  speaker, 
and  form  the  promissive  future. 

2d.  Compound  Tenses  with  have. 

158.  They  are  the  Present  F  e  r  f  c  c  t ,  the 
Past  Perfect,  and  the  Future  Perfect 
tenses. 

Tlacy  are  called  perfect  tenses  since  their  action 
is  completed  at  the  time  nnfhtioncd,  or  implied. 

THE    PRESENT    PERFECT. 

1-50.  The  Present  P  e  r  f  c  c  t  deno tes,  first,  a 
completed  action  ;  second,  an  action  completed  in 
time  connected  with  the  present. 

1.  When  time  is  referred  to  it  must  he  connect- 
with  the  present,  otherwise  it  is  completely  inde- 
finite. 

2.  Hence  it  cannot  he  nsed  in  reference  to  any 
particular  past  time.  I  cannot  say,  "  I  have 
written  yesterday,"  hut  **I  wrote  yesterday." 

3.  The  progressive  form  denotes  an  action  go- 
ing on  in  past  time  connected  with  the  present ; 
as,  "lie  has  hcen  writing  to-day." 

THE   PAST   PERFECT. 

160.  Tiie  Past  Perfect  Tense  denotes  an 
action  finished  before  some  past  time  mentioned  ; 
as,  "I  had  written  the  letter,  before  he 


60  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR,        £161— -164 

1.  In  its  form  ii  isthe-pasl  tense  of  Ajaite.togeth- 
with  the  participle. 

2.  The  progressive  form  denotes  an    action    or 
taiv  goin'g  on  before  some  past  time  ;  as,    "He 

had  been  writing  before  I  came." 

TUE    FUTURE    TERFECT. 

161.  The  Future  Perfect  Tense  denotes 
an  action  or  state  that  will  be  completed  before 
some  other  action  mentioned;  as,  "I  shall  have 
written  my  letter,  before  the  mail. arrives." 

The  progressive  form  denotes  an  action  or  state 
going  on  before  some  future  time  :  as,  "lie  will 
have  been  traveling  a  week  to-morrow."       » 

162.  SIGNS    OF    THE   TENSES.  # 

Present.  The  simple  form  of  the  verb.  In  the 
emphatic  form  do. 

Past.  In  strong  verbs,  a  change  in  the  vowel ; 
in  weak  verbs  ed ;  in  the  emphatic  form  did. 

Future.  Shall  and  will.     Shalt  and  wilt. 

Pres.  Perf.  Have,  hast,  has. 

Past  Perf.  Had,  hadst. 

Put.  Perf.  Shall  or  will  have,  shalt  or  wilt-  have. 

1G3.  A  Synopsis  is  given  by  naming  the 
first  person  singular  in  each  tense. 

.  164.  SYNOPSIS   OF   LEARN.  .  ' 

Simple  Form.  Progressive  Form. 

I 'resent,  I  learn,  I  am  learning. 

»  Past,  I  learned,  I  was  learning. 

Future,  I  shall  or  will  learn,       I  shall  or  will  be  learning, 
Pres.  Perf.  I  have  learned,      I  have  been  learning. 
Past  Perf  I  had  learned,         I  had  been  learning. 
Fut.  Perf  I  shall  have  learned,  I  shall  have  been  learning. 
Give  a  synopsis  of  love,  study,  play,  desire. 


164*—165]  COMPOUND   TENSES..  ,61 

EXERCISES. 

Model.     He  has  written  a  letter.     Has  written  is  a  verb, 
it  atserts  ;  transitive,  it  requires  an  object ;  indicative  mode, 
it  asserts  positively  ;  present  perfect  tense,  it  denotes  an  ac- 
tion completed  at  the  present  time  ;  third,  singular  to  a 
with  he,  by  Rule  II. 

James'  father  has  come.  I  have  heard  the  re- 
port oiicc  or  twice.  Thomas  had  gone  heforc  the 
stage  came.  The  messenger  will  have  reached 
him  by  to-morrow. 

Compose  six  ^sentences  containing  verbs  in  the 
present  perfect  tense  ;  six  containing  tli-c  past 
perfect  tense,  and  six  containing  the  future"  per- 
fect. 


LESSON    XXXI. 

%.         TEN'SES   OF   THE    POTENTIAL. 

164.  The  six  tenses  belong  only  to  the  indh-.i . 
live  mode,  since  that,  only,  asserts  positively. 

The  tenses  do  not  have  the  same. definite  mean 
i  ng  in  the  other  modes. 
"  165  v The  Potential    lias  foUr  forms  : 
Present,    Past,     Present    Perfect, 
Past  Perfect;*  as,  "I  may  go,"   ^ I  might 
go,".  "  I  may  have  gone,"  a  I  might  have  gone." 

They  are,  in  their  origin,  indicative  tenses  of 
the  verbs,  may,  can,  must,  (shall)  should,  and  (will) 
would,  followed  by  the  simple  infinitives. 

For  an  explanation  of  these  forms  see  "  High  School 
Grammar." 


ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.        [166 — 1T1 

166.  In  respect  to  time  these  tenses  are  indefi- 
nite, especially  in  the  Present  and  Past  forms. 

167.  The  Present  is  composed  of  the  pres- 
ent indicative -of  way,  can,  must,  and  the  present 
infinitive. 

It  implies  present  or  future  time,  -according  to 
the  modifying  words  ;  as,  "  I  can  go  now."  "I 
may  go  to-morrow."  '  * 

168.  The  Pa s t  is  composed  of  the  past  in- 
dicative of  may,  can,  will,  shall,  (might,  could, 
wouldjjand  should)  and  the  present  infinitive. 

It  implies  present,  past,  or   future   time  ;  as, 

^Present,  u  I  would  go  now  if  it  were   possible." 

Past,  "  I could  not  go  last  year."     "He   said  last 

week  I  might  go   yesterday."     Future,    "You 

should  by  all  means  return  next  week." 

169.  The  Present  Perfect  is  composed 
of  the  present  tenses  of  may,  can,  must,  and  the 
perfect  infinitive. 

It  implies  that  an  action  may  have  taken  place 
in  past  time  ;  as,  "  James  may  have  returned." 

170.  The  Past  Perfect  is  composed  of  the 
past  tenses  of  may,  can,  will,  and  shall  and  the 
perfect  infinitive. 

Jt  implies  that  it  was  possible  that  an  action 
might  have  taken  place  in  past  time  ;  as,  "  He 
might  have  studied."    "  He  could  have  returned." 

171.  The  signs  of  the  Present  are  may,  can, 
mast. 

The  signs  of  the  Past  are  might,  coilld,  would, 
and  should. 

The  signs  of  the  Present  Perfect,  may  have,  can 
have,  must  have. 


•172—1731  TENSES,   AC.  63 

* 

The  signs  of  the  Past  Perfect,  might  have,  could 
have,  <J'c.  '.  . 

172.     SYNOPSIS  OP  LEARN  in  the  potential. 

Present,  I  may,  can,  or  must  learn,  or  he  learn- 
ing. 

Past,  I  might,  could,  would,  or  should  learn,  or 
he  learnings  • 

Pres.  <£*erf.i  I  may,  can,  or  must  have  learned, 
or  been  learning. 

Past  Per/.,  I  might,  could,  would,  or  should 
lulve  learned,  or  been  learning. 

EXERCISES. 

He  may  come  to-morrow.  Y^u  may  read  .the 
second  chapter.  His  employer  said  ho  might- 
Susan  might  learn,  if  she  would  study.  He  may 
have  come.  The  work  might  have  been  done,  if 
lie  had  been  more  industrious. 

Complete  these  sentences  : — 

The  tree overturned.     You and  then 

you out  to  pfcty.     William a 

scholar,  if  he  had  been  industrious.  The  train 
arrived. 

Write  a  short  account  of  your  last  ride. 


LESSON  XXXII. 

TENSES  OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE,  IMPERATIVE,  kC.       . 

173.  The  Subjunctive  mode  has  two  fori 

called  the  Present  and  Past  tenses. 

1.  It  is  found  in  the  present  and  past  tenses  of 
to  be,  and  in  the  present  tense  of  other  verbs. 


64  [ENTARY    GRAMMAR.       -[174 — 176 

2.  Ii  i.-  usetl  only  in  conditional  sentences  after 
though,  unless,' except,  whether,  and  lest. 

3.  It  has  also  been  used  after  some  of  the  con 

j « active  adverbs  ;  as,  "  Until  the  day  dawn  and 
l he  day  star  arise" 

4.  The  Present  denotes  a  future  condition  ; 
as,  u  If  he  learn  "  means  "  if  he  shall  learn,"  and 
lias  been  called  the  Future  c  o  n  t  i ji  g  c  n  t 
tense. 

5.  The  indicative  form,  "if  he  learns,'#is  now 
almost  universally  used  in  its  place. 

6.  The  Past  denotes  a  supposition,  or  hypo- 
thesis, in  present  time  which  is  known  not  to  be 
real ;  as,  "  If  he  were  studious,  he  would  learn," 
but  he  is  not  studious. 

174.  The  tensef  of  the  Subjunctive  arc  a  Pres- 

#  ent,  or  Contingent  Future  and  a  past  or  Hypothetical, 

"  Contingent  Future,  If  I  be.     If  I  learn,  if  thou 
learn,  if  he- learn. 

Hypothetical  or  Past.  If  I  were.  It  has  no 
reference  to  past  time. 

175.  The  Imperative  has  only  the  Present 
tense  and  second  person. 

1.  It  expresses  a  command;  as,  "Love  thou  ;" 
an  exhortation,  "  Come  ye  to  the  waters;"  an 
entreaty,  "  Return  O  Lord;"  a  wish,  "  O  king 
live  forever,"  ".farewell,"  "good-bye;"  permis- 
sion, "  Qo  in  peace." 

2.  It  agrees  with  thou  or  you  expressed  or  un- 
derstood. 

176.  The  Infinitive  has  two  forms.    Pres- 

•  e  n  t ,  To  love ;  and  Perfect,  To  have  loved. 


177—180]  TENSES,    AC;  65 

1.  The  first  expresses  an  action  or  state  indefi- 
nitely without  regard  to  time  ;  as,  "  lie  desires 
to  learn."  "  Eager  to  study."  /'He  desired  to 
write.  u  He  will  be  ready  to  go." 
•  2.  The  second  expresses  a  completed  action  or 
state  without  refereuce  to  time  ;  as,  "  Ho  is  said 
to  have  done  well." 

3.  The  leading  verb  expresses  the  time,  while 
the  infinitive  modifies  it  like  a  noun  or  a  clause  ; 
as,  "  He  reads  to,  learn."  " He  reads  that  he  may 
learn."  •    * 

177.  The  Participle  has  three  forms,  the 
Imperfect,  Loving;  the  Perfect,  Loved; 
and  the  Compound,  Having  Loved. 

Transitive  verbs  have,  besides  these  three  par- 
ticiples, three  corresponding  to  them  in  the  pas- 
sive voice ;  as,  active,  loving,  loved,  having  loved ; 
passive,  being  loved,  loved,  having  been  loved. 

178.  The  imperfect  participle  ends  in  ing,  and 
denotes  an  action  or  state  continuing  in  the  time 
of  the  leading  verb;  as,  "lie  was  reading"  "lie 
entered  singing." 

179.  The  perfect  participle  implies  an  action  or 
state  completed. 

In  weak  or  regular  verbs  it  ends  in  ed ;  in  strong 
verbs  it  generally  ends  in  en. 

180.  The  compound  of  the  perfect  denotes  an. 
action  or  state  finished  before  some  other ;  as 
w  Having  learned  my  lesson,  I  went  to  school." 

EXERCISES. 

If  it  were  not  so,  I  would  have  told  you.  Ye 
will  not  come  unto  me;  that  ye  may  have  life. 


fifi 


MENTAKY  Ifl^AMMAR.         [181 — 1*2 


Kulton  is  said  to  have  invented  the  steam-boat. 
John  strives  to  improve.     Susan  loves   to  read." 
Bring  me  those  new  books.     I  saw  a  man  plough- 
in  the  fields. 

Complete  these  sentences  hy  inserting  infinitives  and 
participles: 

While  I  was in  the  grove,  I  heard  a  bird 

.     I  saw  a  horsey in  the  pasture.     Mary 

is by  all.     Susan  tries  .     I   ani  going 

a  letter.     — —his  lesson,  he  came  up 

it.     He in  the  garden.  * 

Compose  short  sentences  containing  these  words : 

Studying,  reading,  singing,  to  study,  to  play, 
written,  having  heard,  walking. 


.       LESSON   XXXIII. 

THE    REGULAR    AND    IRREGULAR    OR    STRONG    AND 
WEAK    VERBS. 

181.  T 'ho  principal parts  of  a  verb  are  the  Pres- 
ent and  Past  tenses  ; indicative  and  the  Per- 
fect Participle;  as,  leqrn,  learned,  learned; 
Bing,  sang,  sung. 

From  these  the.  other  parts  of  the  verb  are 
formed. 

182.  There  are  two  ways  of  forming  these  prin- 
cipal parts,  and  therefore  two  classes  of  verbs. 

1.  One  claiss  adds  a  syllable  to  the  present 
tense,  the*  other  changes  the  vowel ;  as,  learn, 
learnt,  learned;  snig,  sang,  swng. 

2.  They  are  commonly  called  Regular  and 
Irregular,  and  are  thus  defined  : 


L83— 189]  vmut  67 

i 

183.  The  Regular  verbs  actd  d  ov  ed   to  term 

their  principal  parts. 

184.  The  Irregular  verbs  do  not  ad  <l  or  ed  t<> 
form  their  principal  parts. 

185.  The  later  and  more  correct  division  is  into 
Strong  and  Weak  verbs. 

1.  Verbs   that   change   the   vowel    are   called  ' 
strong,  because  they  form  their  parts  within  them- 
selves. 

2.  Verbs  that  add  a  syllable  arc  called  weak, 
because  they  require  an  addition  from  without. 

3.  They  add  d,  t,  or  ed,  to  form  their  principal 
parts. 

AUXILIARY    VERBS. %     . 

180.  Do,  be,  have,  may,  can,  mast,  will  and  shall, 
arc  called  auxiliary  verbs;  because  by  their  help 
the  other  verbs  are  conjugated. 

187.  Do,   be,  have   and  will,   are   also  -used 
principal  verbs. 

188.  The  conjugation  of  the  verb  is  the  regu- 
lar arrangement  of    its    voices,   mode*,  tens*1 
numbers,  and  persons.  .  # 

189C  Will,  shall,  mag,  can  and  must  arc  thug 
conjugated. 

SINGULAR. 

\  si  per*     2d  per.        3<7 

I.  Thou,  He; 

.,  Will,  wilt,  will  : 

Would,  wouldest,  would 

/Vcs.,  Shall,  eh  alt,  ehall  : 

Past,    Should,  shouldest,  should;    should,  should,  should. 

.,  May,  ma;  may;       may,      ma  may. 

Might,  might  est  might:    might,   might,    might. 

.,  Can,  canst,  can ;         can.        <  an.         can. 

Fast,    Could,  couldest,  could ;      could,    could,     could. 

Pres.t  Must,  mu  t;      must,     must,      mud. 


PLURAL. 

St  per. 

2d  per. 

fid  per. 

We, 

will. 

would 

shall, 

You, 

will, 
,      would, 

shall, 

They. 
will. 

would. 

shall. 

68  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  [190  ' 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  JIc  had  studied.  Had  studied  is  a  verb,  it  asserts ; 
regular  (or  weak)  it  adds  cd  to  form  its  past  tense;  transi- 
tive, it  requires  an  ooject;  indicative,  mode,  it  asserts  posi- 
tively; past  perfect  tense,  it  denotes  an  action  completed 
before  some  other  action;  third,  singular,  to  agree  with  he, 
by  Rule  II. 

James  has  come.  The  birds  will  sing.  Samuel 
will  have  recited  his  lesson  before  you  return. 
Have  you  heard  the  news  ?  My  father  came  yes- 
terday. The  stage  has  gone.  Will  you  come 
with  me. 

Compose  sentences  containig  these  words : 

Flowers,  ha^come,  will  be  delighted,  Will  go, 
was  heard,  is  growing,  learned,  blooming. 

Compose  different  sentences  upon  the  same 
words. ' 


LESSOR  XXXIV. 

CONJUGATION    OF  .THE    VERB    BE    OR   AM. 

190.  The  verb  be  is  a  defective  verb  made  up 
of  the  verbs,  am9  be  and  was. 

PRINCIPAL   PARTS. 

Present,  am.      Past,  was.      Perfect  Part.,   been. 
INDICATIVE  MODE. 

PRESENT    TENSE. 

Singular.  *  -  •     PturaL 

1st  Person,  I  am,  1st  Perron,  We  arc; 

2d   Person,  Thou  art,        .    2d   Person,  You  are, 
3d   Person,  He  is;  3d   Person,  They  arc. 


190]  VERBS.  69 

TAST   TENSE. 

Singular*  'Plural, 

1  .1  was,  1  We  were, 

2  Thou  wast,  2  You  were, 

3  He  was ;  3  They  were. 

FUTURE    TENSE   PREDICTIVE. 

Singular.  Fhral. 

1  I  shall  be,  1.  We  shall  be. 

2  Thou  wilt  be,  2  You  will  be, 

3  He  will  be  \  3  They  will  be. 

FUTURE    TENSE    PROMISSIVE. 

Singular,  ■  Plural. 

X  I  will  be,  1  We  will  be, 

2  Thou  shalt  be,  2  You  shall  be, 

a  He  shall  be  j  3  They  shall  be. 

JPRESENT    PERFECT   TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  have  been,  <              1  We  have  been, 

2  Thou  hast  been,  2  You  have  been, 

3  He  has  been;  3  They  have  been 

PAST    PERFECT    TENSE.  , 

Singular.  Plural.  # 

1  I  bad  been,  1  We  had  been. 

2  Thou  hadst  been,  2  You  had  been. 
'■>   He  had  been;  3  They  had  been. 

JURE    PERFJX'T    TEN#E    PREDICTIVK. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  shall  have^een,  1  We  shall  have  been 

2  Thou  wilt  have  been,  2  You  will  have  been, 

3  He  will  have  been;  3  They  will  have  been. 


f$  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  [190 

FUTURE    PERFECT   TENSE   PROM1SSYE. 

Singular.  Plural* 

1  I  will  have  been,  1  We  will  have  been, 

2  Thou  shalt  have  been,        2   You  shall  have  been, 
M*  lie  shall  have  been;  3  They  shall  have  been. 

POTENTIAL  MODE. 

PRESENT. 

Signs — may,  can,  must.     Inflect  with  each. 
Singular  Phiral. 

1  I  may  be,  1   We  may  be, 

2  Thou  mayest  be,  2  You  may  be, 

3  He  may  be;    •  3  They  may  be. 

PAST. 

S^gns — might,  could,  would,  should. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  might  be,  1  We  might,  be, 

2  Thou  mightst  be,     '  2  You  might  be, 
:;    He  might  be;                      3  They  might  be. 

PRESENT    PERFECT. 

Signs — may  have,  nan  have,  must  have 
♦  "  Singular.  Plural. 

\  I  may  have  been,  1  We  may  have  been, 

2  rl*iou  mayst  have  been,      2  You  may  have  been, 

3  He  may  have  been;  3  They  may  have  been. 

PAST    PERFECT. 

Signs — might  have^ould  have,  would 'have,  should 

haw..  ~ 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  might  have  been,  1  We  migjit  have  been, 

2  Thou  mightst  have  been,    2  You  might  have  been, 

3  He  might  have  been;         3  They  might  have  been 


190]  VERBS.  n 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MODE. 

CONTINGENT    FUTURE    OR   PRESENT. 


«     Sin  yii -lor. 

Plural 

1  If  I  be,       .  •• 

1  If  we  be, 

2  If  thou  be, 

2   If  you  be, 

3  If  he  be; 

3  If  they  be. 

IIYPOTIIETTCAL 

FORM    OR   PAST. 

1  If  I  were, 

1  If  we  were, 

2  If  thou  wert, 

2  If  thou  were, 

3  If  he  were ; 

3  If  they  were. 

IMPERATIVE  MODE. 

*                       Sinaulur. 

:          Plural* 

2   Be  thou  or  you;  2  Be  ye  or  you. 

t  INFINITIVES. 

Present,  To  be,  Perfect)  To  have  been. 

PARTICIPLES. 

tmperf.)  Being.      Perf.^  Been.      Comp.:   Baying  been 

8YNOP6 

Indicative.  Potential. 

Present^  lam.  Present,  Imay,canormuM 

►  Past,  I  WJ  Past,  I  might  be. 

Future,  I  shall  or  will  be       Pres.  /'//..  I  may  h 
/'its.  Per/t}  I  have  been.       Past  /'</•/'..  I  might  haveb<  -  □ 
Past  Perf^  I  had  been. 
Put.  !><>■/.,  I  shall  or  will 
have  been. 

I   HJUNCTIVX. 

Present,  tf  II  Past,  If  I  were. 


72  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR/  [191 

IMPERATIVE. 
Singular.  Plural. 

2  He  thou.  2  Be  you.  . 

INFINITIVES. 

Present,  To  be/  Perfect,  To  have  been. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Imperf.,  Being.      Perf.,  Been.       Comp.,  Having  been. 

EXERCISES. 

The  warm  sun  is  pleasant.  The  prospect  was 
a  delightful  one.  The  industrious  youth  will  be 
respected.  I  have  been  young,  but  now  am  old. 
The  day  may  be  rainy.  lie  might  have  been  re- 
spected.    Be  cheerful  and  hopeful. 


LESSON  XXXV. 

191.   CONJUGATION  OF  THE  VERB  LOVE. 
.  PRINCIPAL  PARTS... 

-     Present,  love.     Past,  loved.     Perfect  Part.,  loved. 
INDICATIVE  MODE. 

PRESENT   TENSE..    ,  ' 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  love,    '  .1  We  love,         • 

2  Thou  lovest,  2  You  love, 

3  He  love*  j  3  They  love. 


190] 

VERBS. 

PAST    TENSE.    - 

• 

Singular. 
1  1  loved, 

Plural. 
1  We  loved, 

2  Thou  lovedst, 

2  You  loved, 

3  He  loved ; 

•  J  They  loved. 

73 


FUTURE    TENSE. 

Let  the  pupil  give  the  predict  I  re  and  promissive  forms 
separately.      „    . 

'  Singula/1.  Plural. 

L  1  shall  or  will  love,  1.  We  shall  or  will  love, 

2  Thou  shalt  or  wilt  love,     2  You  shall  or  will  love, 

3  He  shall  or  willlove;        3  They  shall  or  .will  love. 

PRESENT  PERFECT  TENSE. 

/Singular.  *  Plural. 

1  I  have  loved,  1  We  have  loved, 

2  Thou  hast  loved,  2  You  have  loved, 
3,  He  has  loved  ;                     3  They  have  loved. 

PAST    PERFECT    TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  had  loved,  1  We  had  loved, 

2  Thou  hadst  loved,  2  You  had  loved, 
:>  lie  had  loved  ;  .'>  They  had  loved: 

FUTURE  PERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  4  Plural. 

1  I  shall  or  will  have  loved,    1  We  shall  or  will  have  loved 

2  Thou  shalt  or  wilt  have      2  You    shall    or   will   have 

loved,  loved, 

3  He  shall   or    will    have     ;;  They   shall    or   will  .have 

.  loved;  |0vefl 

4 


74  <    ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR!  [190 

1  .     POTENTIAL  MODE.  ' 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  -     Plural. 

1  I  may  love,  1  .We  may  love, 

2  Thou  mayst  love,  2  You  may  love, 

3  He  may  love;  3  They  may  love. 

PAST. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  might  love,  1  Wc  might  love, 

2  Thou  mightst  love,  2  You  might  love, 

3  He  might  love;  3  They  might  love. 

PRESENT   PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural, 

1  I  may  have  loved,  1  We  may  have  loved, 

2  Thou  mayst  have  loved,     2  "Jjjjou  may  have  loved, 
3»  He  may  have  loved  j  3  They  may  have  loved. 

PAST    PERFECT. 

* 

Singular.        -         •  Plural. 

1  I  might  have  loved,  1  We  might  have  loved, 

2  Thou  mightsthave  loved,  2  You  might  have  loved, 

3  He  might  have  loved  ;       3  They  might  have  loved. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MODE. 

CONTINGENT  FUTURE  OR  PRESENT. 

Singular.  •  Plural. 

1  If  I  love,  1  If  we  love, 

2  If  thou  love,  2  If  you  love, 

3  If  he  love  • '  3  If  they  love. 

The  present  is  the  only  conditional  form  that  differs  from 
the  indicative  except  the  past  of  be  or  am. 


190]  VERBS. 

IMPKKATIVK   MODE  '  4 

Simjithtr.  I 'I and. 

2  Love  thou  or  you  ;  2  Love  ye  or  you. 

INFINITIVES. 
Pregert t,  To  love ;  Perfect,  To  have  loved. 

TARTICfPLES. 

Tmperf^  Loving.     Per/.,  Loved.      Comp.x  Having  loved. 

Let  the  pupil  write  or  give  a  synopsis  of  this 
verb. 
Like  love  conjugate  learn,  study. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  lie  may  have  loved.  May  have  loved  is  a  verb, 
it  asserts,  regular  or  weak,  it  adds  ed  to  form  the  past  tense  ; 
transitive,  it  requires  an  object;  potential,  it  implies  possi- 
bility ;  present  perfect,  it  asserts  what  may  have  taken 
place;  third,  singular  to  agree  with  he,  by  Kule  II.         ' 

I  learn  my  lesson  by  bard  study.  James  had 
played  until  he  was  tired.  We  play  ball  after  we 
have  learned  our  lessons.  Have  you  heard  the 
tram  ?  If  he  studies  well  this  session,  he  can 
enter  college  this  fall. 

Compose  sentences*  containiny  these  Word, 

Learns,  studies,  has  played,  may  read,  will 
come,  had  heard,  might  have   returned,  shall  go. 

Require  various  sentences  to  be  formed  upon  the 
same  ivord. 


76  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.     ,  [191—192 

LESSON  XXXVI; 

PROGRESSIVE   FORM    OF   LEARN. 

\{M.  The  progressive  form  is  conjugated  by 
inkling  the  Imperfect  Participle  of  any  verb  to  the 
forms  of  be  or  am. 

192.  Synopsis  of  Learn,  Progressive  Form. 

INDICATIVE    MODE.  POTENTIAL    MODE.     . 

Present^  I  am  learning.  I  may  be  learning. 

Pasty      I  was  learning.         1  might  be  learning. 
Future,  -I  shall  or  will  be 

learning. 
Pres.  Per/?)  I  have  been     I  may  have  been  learning. 

learning. 
Pdsi   Per/.,    I   had   been     I  might  have  been  learning. 

learning. 

Future   Per/.,  1  shall  Jhave 

been  learning. 
i 

SUBJUNCTIVE   MODE. 

Contingent  Fjitnre  or  Present,  if  I  be  learning. 
Hypothetical  or  Past,  If  I  were  learning. 

IMPERATIVE   M01>E. 

Singular.  •     Pbural. 

2  Be  thou  learning.  2  Be  ye  learning. 

INFINITIVES. 

Present,  To  be  learning.        Per/.,  To  have  been  learning 

Conjugate  thus :  I  am  learning,  Thou  art  learn- 
ing, He  is  learning,  We  are  learning,'&c. 


193]  PASSIVE  VOICE  OF  LOVE.  77 

EXERCISES:  * 

Model.  If  he  learn,  he  will  please  us.  {If  he)  learn  is  a 
verb,  it  asserts  ;  regular  OY-weak  it  adds  ed  to  form  the  pa^t 
tense  ;  transitive,  it  requires  an  object ;  subjunctive  mode,  it 
expresses  something  doubtful  or  uncertain  ;  present  tense, 
in  its  form  ;  third,  singular  to  agree  with  he,  by  Rule  II. 

If  it  rain  to-morrow  I  cannot  go,     If  it  were 
he,  lie  would  come  to  see  us.     Come  to  me  and 
bring  me  your  book.     I  saw  a  boy  reading  his 
book.     The  trees  were  bending  under  their  load  . 
of  fruit.     The  girls  are  playing  iii  the  garden. 

Complete  these  sentences : 

.    The  farmer his  field.     The  class the 

last  Lesson  wclL     The  good  man his  neigh- 
bor.    The   guilty  ' •  no  accuser.     « may 

have  gone .     — —  will  be . 

Point  out  the  properties  of  sli\  apple. 


LESSON  XXX¥IL 

THE    PASSIVE    VOICE   OF    LOVE. 

193.  The  Passive  voifcc  is  formed  by  adding 
the  perfect  participle  of  any  transitive  verb  to  the 
forms  of  the  verb  be  or  am. 

INDICATIVE  MO  I 

*  -.4  "* 

PRESENT    TENSE. 


Singular. 

mural 

I  am  loved, 

1   AVe  are  loved. 

Thou  art  loved. 

2  You  are  loved, 

He  i    \o\  ■ 

3  They,  axe  loved. 

78  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR .  [193 

PAST    TENS!-:. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  was  loved,  1   We  were  loved, 

2  Thou  wast  loved,  2  You  were  loved, 

3  Tie  was  loved  ;     *  3  They  were  loved. 

FUTURE   TENSE,    PREDICTIVE    FORM. 

•  *         Singular.        t  Plural. 

1  I  shall  be'loved,  1  We  shall  be  loved, 

2  Thou  wilt  be  loved,  2  You  will  be  loved, 

3  He  will  be  loved;  3  They  will  be  loved. 

-     "FUTURE    TENSE,    PRO-MISSIVE    FORM.         < 
Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  will  be  loved,  1  We  will  be  loved,  . 

2  Thou  shalt  be  loved,  2  You  shall  be  loved, 
■*i  He  shall  be  loved;  3  They  shall  be  loved. 

PRESENT  PERFECT  TEN  si 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  have  been  loved,  1   We  have  been  loved, 

2  Thou  hast  been  loved,        2  You  have  been  loved, 

'■'>   He  has  been  loved;  3  They  have  been  loved. 

PAST    PERFECT    TENSE. 

Singular.     »  Plural, 

1  I  had  been  loved,  1  We  had  been  loved, 

2  Tliou  hadst  been  loved,  2  You  had  been  loved, 

3  He  had  been  loved;  "3  They  had  been  loved. 

I  I'TURE   FERFHCT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  shall  have  been  loved,    1  We  shall  have  been  loved^ 

2  Thou  wilthave  been  loved,  2  You  will -have  been  loved, 
o  He  will  have  been  loved;  8  They  will  have  been  loved 


193]  PASSIVE  VOICE  OF  LOVE.  79 

* 

POTENTIAL   MODE, 
PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plum/. 

1  I  may  be  loved,  1  We  may  be  loved, 

2  Thou  mayst  be  loved,  2  You  may  be  loved, 

3  He  may  be  loved  ;  3  They  may  be  loved 

TAST. 

Singular.    .  Plivral. 

1  I  might  be  loved,  1  We  might  be  loved, 

2  Thou  mightst  be  loved,  2  You  might  be  loved, 

3  He  might  be  loved  \  3  They  might  be  loved. 

\  PRESENT    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  may  have  been  loved,     1  We  may  have  been  loved, 

2  Thou  mayst  have  been  ( 2  You  may  have  been  loved, 

loved, 

3  He  may  have  been  loved;  3  They  may  have  been  loved. 

.     PAST    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  might  have  been  loved,    1  We  might  have  been  loved, 

2  Thou  mightst  have  been    2  You    might     have    been 

loved,  loved, 

3  He   might   have   been      3  They    might    have    been 
.  .    loved  ;  loved. 

SU  l'.UTNCTIVE  MO  I 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural, 

1  If  I  be  loved,  I    If  we  be  loved, 

2  If  thou  be  loved,  'J  If  you  be  loved, 
€  if  he  be  loved;  3  If  they  be  loved. 


80  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [193 


% 


PAST. 
Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  wc  were  loved,  1  If  I  were  loved, 

2  If  thou  wert  loved,  2  If  you  were  loved, 

3  If  he  were  lovccf;  3  If  they  were  loved. 

IMPERATIVE  MODE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2  Be  thou  or  you  loved.        2  Be  ye  or  you  loved. 

INFINITIVE. 

Present]  To  be  loved.  Perfect,  To  have  been  loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Imperfect,  Being  loved.      Perfect,  Loved.       Compound, 
Having  been  loved. 

•  Conjugate  in  like  manner,  learn,  place,  teach. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  I  am  praised.  Am  praised  is  a  verb,  it  asserts; 
regular  or  weak,  *  it  forms  its  past  tense  by  adding  ed; 
tr-ansitive,  it  requires  an  object ;  passive  voice,  the  object- is 
used  as  subject,  indicative,  present,  first  singular  to  agree 
with  7,  by  Rule  IJ. 

You  are  loved.  They  are  blessed.  We  were 
esteemecl.  James  was  accused.  He  has  heard 
the  news.     She  had  learned  /her  lesson.     They 


*  The  teacher  may  use  the  tzxm&weak  or  regular  a8  tie  may 
desire.  The  terms  regular  and  irregular,  though  long  used, 
are  not  scientifically  correct  and  are  objectionable.  I  prefer 
to  follow  the  highest  authorities  in  the  use  of  weak  and 
strong.  •      * 


194] 


THE    VERB   TAKE. 


81 


'will  beloved.     The  report' may  have  been  false 

The  book  can  not  have  been  returned.     T   am 

pleased  with  my  situation. 

Oimpose  sentences  containing  these  words  : 

Is  praised,  was  esteemed,  have  been  heard,  w  i 

loved,  are  made,  may  be  fought,  might  be  found. 


LESSON  XXXV] II. 

194.  CONJUGATION  OF  THE  STRONG  VERB  TAKK. 

PRINCIPAL  PARTS." 

6 

Present,  take.   Past,  took.  Perf.  Participle,  taken, 
INDICATIVE  MODE. 

PRESENT. 


Singular. 

1  I  take, 

2  Thou  takest, 
8   He  takes  ; 


Indicative. 

1  I  took, 

2  Thou  tookest, 

3  He  took  ; 


Singular 

I    I  shall  take. 
3b 


Plural 


1  We  take i 

2  You  take, 
8  They  take 


PAST. 


Potential. 

1  We  took, 

2  You  took, 

3  They  took. 


ii  n  Rfe. 


Plural. 

1  We  shall  take. 


*      82  •  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [194 

PRESENT    PERFECT. 

*  • 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  have  token.  1  We  have  taken. 

PAST    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural      ■ 

1  I  had  taken.  1   We  had  taken. 

FUTURE  PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1  I  shall  have  taken.  1  We  shall  have  taken. 

Potential  mode. 

% 

-      PRESENT. 

Singular.  Phtral. 

1  I  may,  can ,  or  must  take.   1  We  may,  can,  or  must  take. 

*  •  * 

PAST. 

Singular.  9  Plural. 

I  I  might,  could,  would,  or    1  We  might,  could,  would, 
should  take.  or  should  take. 

PRESENT    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1   I  may,  can,  or  must  have     1   We    may,    can,    or   must 
taken.  have  taken. 

PAST    PERFECT. 

« 

Singular.  Plural. 

I  i might,  could,  would,  or     1  We  might,  could,  would 
■hould  have  taken.  or  should  have  taken. 


195]  THE   VERB   TAKE.  *83 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MODE. 

PRESENT. 

0 

Singular.  •  Plural. 

1  If  I  take,  If  thou  take,  &c.    1  If  we  take. 

IMPERATIVE  MODE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2  Take  thou  or  you.       -       2  Take  ye  or  you.. 

INFINITIVES. 

Pretend,  To  take.  '  Perfect,  To  have  taken. 

PARTICIPLES. 

LniperJ\,  Taking.     Pei'f.,  Taken,     Comp.,  Having  taken. 
Give  a  synopsis  in  full  of  this  Yerb. 

EXERCISES. 

I  liave  been  taking  a  rest.  He  has  gone. 
Mary  was  singing.  John  may  have  taken  it. 
Joyous  spring  has  come  again.  Have  yrou  for- 
gotten what  I  told  you.  Whoever  can  do  this 
will  deserve  a  reward. 

Compose  sentences  containing  these  words  : 
Bright,  moon,  runs,  battle,  pale;  fight,  sing, 
may  write,  whoever,  praise. 


lesson  xxxix: 

INTERROGATIVE  AND  NEGATIVE  FORMS. 

195.    Learn  is  conjugated   interrogatively   as 
follows : 


84 


ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.        [196 — 197 


INDICATIVE. 

Present,  Do  I  learn? 
Past,       Did  1  learn ? 
Future,  Shall  I  learn  ? 
Pres.  Per. ,  Have  I  learned  ? 
Past  Per.,  Had  I  learned  ? 
Fut.  Per.,    Shall    I  have 
•    learned? 

Also,  am  I  learning?  Was  I  learning?  &q. 
196.  Verbs  are   conjugated   negatively  as  fol- 
lows : — 


POTENTI'AL. 

Present,  May  I  learn  ? 
Past,        Might  I  learn  ? 
Pres.    Per.,    May    I    haye 

.learned? 
Past    Per.,    Might  I    have 
learned  ? 


Indicative. 


Potential. 


Present,  I.love  not,  am  not     Present,  I  may  not  love. 

loving,  do  not  love.        Past,        I  might  not  love.  - 
Past,  I  loved  not,  was  not    Pres.  /'erf.,  I  may  not  have 

loving,  did  not  love.  loved. 

Future,  I  shall  not  love,     Past'  Per/.,    I   might    not 

be  loving.  have  loved. 

Pres.  Per/.,  I  have  not  loved. 
Past  Per/.,  I  had  not  loved. 
Fut.  Per f.,  I  shall  not  have 

loved. 

Suhjviiei,,  Infinite 

Present,  If  I  do  not  love.        Present,  Not  to  love. 

Per/ect,  Not  to  have  loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Imperfect,  Not  loving.     Perfect^  Not  loved.      Compound, 
Not  having  loved. 

197.      NEGATIVE  INTERROGATIVE   FORMS.       . 

Do  I  not  love?  Did  I  not  love?  Shall  I  not 
love  ?  May  I  not  love  ?  Might  I  not  love  ?  &c. 


198}  IRREGULAR    VERBS: 

EXERCISES. 

Will  you  come  with  me  ?  Were  you  listening  ? 
Is  he  not  at  home  ?  Will  your  father  not  come  ? 
Might  he  not  have  learned  ?  Did  you  not  hear 
the  news  ?     He  has  not  arrived. 

Write  several  short  sentences  describing  a  horse- 


LESSON    XL. 

THE    "  IRREGULAR  "    VERBS. 

198.  The  Irregular  verbs,  as  commonly  given, 
contain  several  distinct  classes. 

1st.  The  strong  verbs  which  form  their  past  tense  by 
changing  the  vowel  of  the  present  and  do  not  add  f,d,  or 
"/.  Their  participle  past  regularly  ended  in  ni,  which 
is  now  often  wanting. 

2d.  Those  which  now  form  their  past  tense  in  cJ,  but 
their  participle  in  en.     They  were  formerly  pure    st] 
verbs. 

•id.  Those  that  have  both  a  strong  and  weak  form. 

4th.  Those  that  both  change  the  vowel  and  add  i  or  </. 
as  seek,  wwjli-t ;  bring,  brouyh-t ;  sell,  sol-d, 

5th.  Some  Defective  verbs ;  as,  i 

For  convenience  in  reference   they  will  be  given    to- 
gether.    Those  that  add  a  termination  t<>  fornfl  the    | 
tense  must  be  parsed  as-  wc  a  k  ;  those    thai    do    no! 

strong. 

Verbs  are  naturally  divided  into   Strong,  W< 
Infective  verbs      k  ill 


80 


ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR. 


[199 


The  third  class  will  be  marked  B.;  the  fourth, 
W.\  the  fifth  D.\  Forms  not  now  used  are  put 
in  italics. 

199.    LIST  OF  VERBS  COMMONLY  CALLED    IRREGULAR. 


PRESENT. 

PAST. 

PER.  PARTTCIPL. 

Abide, 

abode. 

abode. 

Am,  D" 

was, 

been. 

Arise, 

arose, 

arisen. 

Awake,' 

awoke,  R. 

awaked. 

Bear,  to  hring  forth  bore,  bare, 

born. 

Bear,  to  carry. 

bore,  bare, 

borne. 

Beat, 

beat, 

beaten,  beat, 

Begin, 

sbegan, 

begun. 

Beseech. 

besought,  W. 

besought, 

Bid, 

bid,  bade, 

bidden,  bid, 

Bind. 

bound, 

bound,hoimdeii,rare 

Bite.    . 

bit, 

bitten,  bit. 

Bleed, 

bled, 

bled. 

Blow, 

blew, 

blown.  . 

Break. 

broke,  brake, 

broken. 

Bring, 

brought,  "W. 

brought, 

Burst, 

burst, 

burst. 

Buy, 

bought,  W. 

bought,  ' 

Cast, 

cast, 

cast, 

Catch.. 

caught,  W. 

caught, 

Chide, 

.  chid, 

chidden,  chid. 

Choose. 

chose, 

chosen. 

Cleave, 

"cleaved,  clave. 

cleaved. 

Cleave, 

clave,  cleft. 

cloven. 

Cling, 

clung, 

clung, 

Clothe, 

,  clad,  R. 

clad. 

Come, 

s  came, 

come. 

Cost, 

cost,' 

cost. 

Crow, 

crew,  R. 

crown. 

199] 


IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


87 


PRESENT. 

PAST. 

PER.  PARTICI 

Cut, 

•  cut, 

cut. 

Dare, 

durst,  R. 

durst. 

Dig, 

dug.  R. 

dug. 

Do, 

did, 

done. 

Draw, 

drew. 

drawn. 

Drink, 

drank, 

drunk. 

Drive, 

drove,  (hare 

driven. 

Eat, 

ate,  eat, 

eaten. 

Fall, 

fell,  ' 

fallen. 

Feed, 

fed, 

fed. 

Fight, 

fought,  W. 

fought, 

Find, 

found, 

found. 

Fling,     '- 

flung, 

flung. 

Fly, 

flew, 

flown. 

Forget, 

forgot. 

forgotten . 

Forsake, 

forsook, 

forsaken.    * 

Freeze, 

froze,  . 

frozen. 

Get, 

got,  gat, 

gotten,  got. 

Give, 

gave, 

given. 

Go,D. 

went, 

gone. 

Grave, 

graved,  grovt 

graven.. 

Grind, 

ground, 

ground. 

Grow, 

grew, 

grown. 

Hang, 

hung,  JR. 

hung. 

Heave,       » 

hove,  R. 

hoven. 

Hew, 

hewed. 

hewn. 

Hide, 

hid, 

hidden,  hid. 

Hit, 

hit,  R. 

hit. 

Hold, 

held, 

held,  holden 

Hurt, 

hurt, 

hurt. 

Knit, 

knit,  R, 

knit. 

Know, 

knew, 

known 

Lade, 

laded, 

laden. 

88 


ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR. 


[19$ 


PRESENT. 

PAST. 

PER.  PARTI  C  J 

Let, 

let, 

ief. 

Lie, 

lay. 

lain. 

Light, 

lit,  R. 

lit. 

Make, 

made. 

made. 

Mefct, 

met, 

met.    . 

Mow, 

mowed, 

mown. 

Put,  ' 

*                • 

put, 

put. 

Quit, 

quit, 

quit.    • 

Read . 

read,  (pron.  red, ) 

read,  {red.) 

Rid, 

rid, 

rid, 

Ride, 

rode, 

ridden,  rid. 

Ring, 

rang,  rung, 

rung. 

Rise, 

rose. 

risen: 

Rive, 

rived, 

riven. 

Hun, 

'ran, 

run.  / 

Saw, 

sawed, 

sawn. 

See, 

saw, 

seen. 

Seek, 

sought.  W. 

sought, 

Seethe, 

sod, 

sodden. 

Sell, 

sold,  W. 

sold, 

Set, 

set,  • 

set. 

Shake, 

shook, 

shaken. 

Shape,     . 

shaped, 

shapen. 

Shave, 

shaved, 

shaven. 

Shear, 

sheared, 

shorn,    * 

Shed, 

shed, 

shed. 

Shine, 

shone,  R.  . 

shone. 

Shoot, 

shot, 

shot. 

Show, 

showed,  shew, 

4ft 

shown. 

Shrink, 

shrunk,  shrank, 

shrunk, 

Shut, 

shut, 

shut, 

Sing, 

sung,  scwg, 

sung. 

Sink, 

sunk,  sank, 

. sunk. 

190] 


IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


80 


PRESENT. 

PAST. 

PER.  PARTICIPLE 

Sit, 

sat,  sate. 

sat,  sittcn. 

Slay, 

slew, 

slain. 

Slide, 

slid,  shoe. 

slidden. 

Sling, 

siting,  slang , 

slung. 

Slink, 

slunk, 

slunk. 

Slit, 

slit,  &l$t,  R. 

slit. 

Smite, 

'smote, 

smitten. 

Sow, 

sowed, 

sown. 

Speak, 

spoke,  spake, 

spoken. 

Speed, 

sped, 

sped. 

Spin, 

spun,  sj)ait: 

spun . 

Spit, 

spit,  spat. 

spit. 

Spread, 

spread, 

spread. 

Spring, 

sprang,  sprung, 

sprung. 

Stand, 

stood, 

stood.* 

Steal, 

stole,  stale, 

stolen. 

Stick, 

stuck,  stack. 

stuck. 

Sting, 

stung,  stawj. 

•   stung. 

Stink, 

stunk,  stank. 

stunk. 

Strew, 

strewed, 

strown. 

Stride, 

strode, 

stridden. 

Strike, 

struck,  strake^ 

stricken,  struck 

String, 

strung,  Strang^ 

strung. 

Strive, 

strove. 

striven 

Strow, 

st  rowed. 

str<  ■ 

Swear, 

swore,  swart) 

SWOTIk 

Swell, 

swelled,  sv) 

vollen. 

Swim, 

:in.  swum, 

swum. 

Swing, 

.swung.  swang) 

SWI! 

Take, 

took, 

takcu.% 

Teach. 

taught,  W. 

taught. 

Tear, 

tore,  tart) 

torn. 

Tell, 

told    W 

ild 

90 


ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR, 


[200 


PRESENT. 

PAST. 

PER. PA 

Think, 

thought,  W, 

thought. 

Thrive, 

throve, 

thriven. 

Throw, 

threw, 

thrown. 

Thrust, 

thrust. 

thrust. 

Tread, 

trod,. 

trodden. 

Wax, 

waxed, '     ■  * 

waxen. 

Wear, 

wore, 

worn. 

Weave . 

wove, 

woven. 

Wed, 

wed,  E. 

wed. 

Wet, 

wet,  E. 

wet. 

Win, 

won, 

won. 

Wind, 

wound, 

wound. 

Work, 

wrought^  W.  R. 

wrought. 

Wring, 

wrung,  K. 

wrung. 

Write, 

wrote,. 

written. 

In  this  table  all  such  words  as  cut,  cost,  that  do  not  receive 
any  modification  are  really  weak, or  regular  verbs.  They 
cannot,  from  the  laws  which  govern  our  sounds,  receive  an 
addition.  The  same  is  the  case  with  bleed,  bled,  &c.  High 
School  Grammar,  Art.  441. 

They  are  placed  here  for  convenience. 

200.  The  past  tense  and  Perfect  Participle  o\' 
these  verbs  should  not  be  used  for  each  other. 


EXERCISES  FOR  CORRECTION. 

The  horses  draAved  the  carriage.  The  horses 
were  drove.  The  birds  have  flew  away.  The 
stream  has  froze  over.  They  have  wrote  to-da}T. 
The  meeting  has  began.  She  has  sang  a  song. 
The  sun  has  rose.  They  done  their  work.  My 
watch  was  stole.  The  ball  was  throwed.  The 
applet  have  loll.     The  letter  was  writ.     The  let- 


201— 204]  *       UNIPERSOtfAL   VERBS.  9:i 

ter  was  wrote  badly.      We  rid  a  mile.     I  have  not 

saw  him.     My  uncle-  has  same.     The    bird   has 

flew  away. 

Compose  sememes  containing  these  tvords : — 
Arise,  awake,  begin,   bite,  bring,   choose,  do, 

drink,  find,  give,  hiae,  know,  ride,  run,  see,  sing, 

spring,  swim,  take,  think,  wring. 


LESSON    XLI. 

DEFECTIVE    AND    UNIPERSONAL    VERBS. 

201.  A  few  verbs  are  defective  or  wanting  in 
some  of  their  parts,  which  £,re  partly  supplied 
by  other  words  ;  as,  am,  was,  been,  from  the  verbs 
am,  was,  and  be  ;  go,  went,  gone  from  ^oand  wend. 
■  202.  The  other  defective  verbs  are  entirely 
wanting  ill  some  of  their  parts.     They  are  : — 

Present.    Past.  Perf.  Part.    Present.     Paxf.     Perf.  Part 

Can,  could,      .  Quoth,     quoth,     - -. 

Will,  -would,     ,  Wit,         wot.         . 

Shall,  should, .  Beware, , . 

May,  might,      .  Hark,  in  the  imperative  only. 

Must,  must,       . 

Ho. in  " this  will  do,"    "this  will  answer  the 
purpose,"  is 'a  different  verb  from  do  to  act. 

203.  A  few  verbs  are  found  only  in   the  third 
person,  singular.  * 

They  Are  called    unipersorial,   thai  is.  hav- 
ing but  one  person  ;  as,  it  ,;/  hail 

204.  Methinks,  methought ;  arte  onipersonal  com- 
pound ;  of  the  Datrv  and  the  verb  think 


02 


ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.        [205 — 207 


which  means  seems  or  appears.  Methinhs  means, 
it  seems  or  appears  to  me.  This  verb  think  is  not 
of  the  same  origin  as  the  verb  thinJc,  to  consider. 
The  first  is  from  thinean,  the  second  from  thencqn. 


EXERCISES. 


Did  you  see  the  rainbow  after  the  shower  ? 
Victory  perched  upon  our  banners.  It  is  raining 
on  the  hills.  How  hard  it  rains !  Thou  canst 
not  do  it.  Incline  my  heart  unto  thy  testimonies. 
Bind  them  upon  thy  fingers,  write  them  upon  the 
table  of  thy  heart.  Methinks  I  hear  him  coming. 
It  thundered  heavily.'  It  seemed  as  if  the  foun- 
tains of  the  great  de^p  were  broken  up. 

Write  sentences  discribing  aros< . 


LESSON  XLII. 

ADVERBS. 

205.  When  I  say  "  He  runs  swiftly," ;'•"  She 
speaks  correctly,"  siviftly  and  correctly  tell*  how 
the  thing  or  action  is  done,  and  modify  the  verb. 

They  are  called  adverbs,  which  means  to  a 
verb,  that  is,  added  to  a  verb. 

Adverbs  also  modify  adjectives  and'  other  ad- 
verbs ;  as,  most  pleasant,  very  sloivly. 

200.   A  d  v  orbs   are  words  joined  to  verbs, 
a  d  j  ectives,    and  other  ti-d  verb  s   to  modify ' 
them. 

207.  They  are  divided  into  classes  according 
1<>  fcbeir  meaning. 


208—209]  adverbs.  93 

Adverbs  of  manner;  justly,  pleasantly,  sweetly, 
manly,  kindly,  $-c. 

The  most  of  *these  end  in  ly.     Others  arc 
thus,  however,  somehow,  else,  well,  ill. 

Adverbs  of  place  ;  here,  there,  where,  yonder, 
hither,  thither,  whither,  hence,  thence,  whence,  hither- 
ward,  forward,  baclczvard,  $c. 

Adverbs  of  time  ;  now,  to-day,  lately,  since,  then, 
soon,  ago,  when,  then,  while,-  before,  after,   till,  until 
early,  late,  ever,  always^  never,  often,  oft,  rarely,  *$c 
Adverbs  of  order ;  first,  secondly,  thirdly,  lastly, 
finally.  • 

Adverbs  of  degree  ;  more,  most,  less,  least,  tvelU 
better^  as,  so,  9£c.  9  .. 

Adverbs  of  number;  once,    tivicc,    thrice,  four- 
times,  frc.  .  • 

Adverbs  of  doubt ;  perhaps,  peradventure,  poss  i- 
bly,  perchance,  £c. 

Adverbs   of  interrogation ;    how,   why,    when, 
whence,  where,  §c. 

Adverbs  of  affirmation ;  yea,  yes,  truly,  verily, 
c  rtainly,  §c: 

Adverbs  "of  negation  ;  nay,  no,  not,  nowise. 

208.  Some*idverbs  are  used  independently,  or 
rather,  they  embrace  a  whole  proposition  ;  as  aye, 
yea,  no,  amen.  As,  "  Are  you  going  ?"  Yes.  That 
is,  "  I  am  going." 

209.  There  at  the  beginning  of  sentences  does 
not  modify  any  word,  and  is  a  mere  expletive.  It 
serves  to  throw  the   subject  after  the  verb; 

|  There  is  no  doubt  of  the. fact."     "  There  w;i 
man." 


94  NTARY    GRAMMAR.         (210—213 

L0.  Some  adverbs  not  only  modify,  l»ut   a] 
connect   sentences;  as,    "I   saw   him   when   lie 
came."     When  connects  "  I  saw  htm"  and  "lie 
came"  and  modifies  game.     "  "When    he  came," 
modi fies  saw.     They  are  called  conjunctive  adverbs. 

211.  The  conjunctive  adverbs  are  :  after,  before', 
n,  dnce,  hou\  till,  until,   when,  where,   while, 

whilst,  whenever,  no  sooner,  as  soon  as,  as  far  as,  <fc. 

212.  Phrases  like  "as  far  as  "  should  be  ana- 
lyzed. "He  writes  as  well  as  his  brother."  As 
W(  ii<'*  connects  the  two.  sentences.  The  first  as 
modifies  well ;  as  well  modifies  writes ;  the  second 
as  modifies  writes  understood  and  is  equal  to  as 
well.  As  well  as  is  equivalent  to  that  well  whiek. 
The  first  as  is  demonstrative,  the  second  relative. 

MPARISO^f  OF   ADVERBS. 

213.  Some  adverbs,  especially  those  of  manner, 
are  compared.  They  are  -compared  like  adjec- 
tives. 

1.  Those  ending  in  ly  are  compared  by  more 
and  most,  less  and  least ;  as,  wisely,  rniore  wisely, 
most  wisely  ;  kindly,  less  kindly,  least  kindly. 

2.  Others  are  compared  by  adding  er  and  est ; 
as,  soon,  sooner,  soonest;  often,  oftcner,  oftmest. 

3.  A  few  are  irregular;  as,  little,  less,  least; 
miu'h,  more,  most ;  badly  ox  ill,  worse,  icorst ;  well, 
in  tier,  best ;  far,  farther,  farthest ;  forth,  farther, 
furthest.  - 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  He  .sleeps  soundly.  Soundly  is  an  adverb  of 
manner,  it  is  a  word  used  to  modify  verbs, &c.}  and  modifies 
steeps,  by  Rule  XVI. 


214 — 215]  PREPOSITIONS 

Adverbs  modify  verbs,  adjectives  and'  other  adverbs. 

The  sun  shines- brightly.  Thomas  learng  ra- 
pidly. Susan  is  very  diligent.  He  drove  very 
swiftly.  They  came  to-day.  The£  are  very 
young.  The  trees  bend,  when  the  wind  biota*. 
Where  is  my  friend?  When  the  rain  ceases,  I 
shall  return'.  Hoots  grow  downward,  trees  mount 
upward. 

Insert  adverbs  in  these  sentences  ; 

The  pupil  stitdies .     The  horse  runs . 

The  sun   shines .     The   corn   grows   . 

The  liou  roars .     lie  will  come  — _.     1 

you  arrive,  I  will  meet  you . a  re  you  go  i  1 1 «;-  ? 

The  boat  starts . 

Compose  sentences  containing  these  adverbs: — 

Diligently,  truly,  where,  nobly,  proudly,  often, 
most,  afterward,  presently,  before,  patiently, 
hereafter. 


LESSON  XLIII. 


PREPOSITIONS. 


214.  He  came  with  me.  With  conned-  ili<>  ob- 
jective case  me  with  came,  and  shows  the  relation 
between  them. 

It  is  called  a  preposition. 
The  word  which  follows  the  preposition    i 
ways  in  the  objective  case. 

215.  A  Preposition  is  a  word  which 
shows  the  relation    between   its   ob- 


ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.         [216 — 219 

and    some     other     word 
i  11    the    same    scnte  n  c  e . 

The  preposition  with,  its  object  is  called  an 
adjunct;  as;  "He  came  with mi?\  With  meia  an 
adjunct  modifying  came. 

216.  Prepositions  are  of  two  classes,  simple 
and   compound   or    derived    prepositions. 

217.  The    simple    prepositions  are: — 

At,  by,  down,  ere,  for,  from,  in,  of,  on,  over,  past, 
round,  since,  till,  to,  through,  under,  up,  with.  Also, 
after,  the  comparative  of  aft. " 

218.  The  compound  prepositions  are  : — 
First,  compounds  with  a.     A  in  a-board  is   a 

preposition  meaning  on  or  in. 

Examples :  A-board,  a-bove,  about,  across,  against, 
along,  amid,  amidst,  among,  amongst,  around, 
artkwart.  Aboard  is  equal  to  on  board;  amid, 
on  or  in  mid,  $c. 

Second,  compounds,  with  be,  which  means  by  ; 
as,  before,  behind,  beloiv,  beneath,  beside,  besides,  be- 
tween, betwixt', 'beyond.     m 

Ihird,  compounds  of  preposition^  with  prepo- 
sitions or  adverbs.  In-to,  out-of,  through-out,  to- 
ward,  towards,  upon,  until,  unto,  underneath,  loithin, 
without.  .  • 

Prepositional  phrases,  according  to,  in  respect  of, 
$c.  Notwithstanding  is  compounded  of  not,  with, 
and  participle  standing. 

219.  Bating,  barring,  concerning,  during,  except- 
ing, regarding,  respecting,  touching,  $c,  usually 
treated  as  propositions  are  properly  participles. 

-  1.  Save  and  except,  are  properly  imperatives* 
-   2.  Near,  nigh,  like  and  unlike  are  adjectives  fol- 


220]  •    PREPOSITIONS.  .  97 

lowed  By  the  objective  or  more  properly  the  da- 
tive. 

220.  Prepositions  also  modify  verbs,  and  form 
parts  of  compounds;  as,  "He  casts  up  his  ac- 
counts."- "He  rides  about"  down-iaW,  out-cry, 
over-How,  kc. 

Their  primary  force  ,-eems  to  he  like  that  of 
adverbs;  as  "He  went  up"  This  expression  may 
now  be  modified  by  various  objects  ;  as,  He  went 
up  the  hill,  up  the  road,  up  the  street,  £c. 

See  farther  in  II.  S.  Grammar. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  He  came  with  me.  With  is  a  preposition,  i*- 
shows  the  relation  between  me  and  came,  by  Rule  XVII. 

Prepositions  show  the  relation  between  nouns  and  pro- 
nouns and  otJu  r  ford*  in  th<  same  sentences. 

jfte  is  in  the  objective  case  after  with,  byllule  XVIII. 

Prepositions  are  followed  by  tin  objective  ease. 

He  resides  in  Richmond.  Flowers  bloom  in 
summer.  Rivers  flow  into  the  Be  .  lie  came 
from  Rome.  13irds  .fly  through  the  air.  The 
ball  rotts  along  the  ground. 

Insert  prepositions.,  §c. 

The  river flows the   sea.     

brother  came home a  wagon. 

Compose  short  sentences  containing  the**  preposi- 
tions : 

In,  on,  up,  down,  from,  out  of,  under,  behind, 
across,  beyond,  beneath. 


98  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.         [221—223 

lks>o\  XLJY. 

CONJ  UNCTIONS. 

Tl\.  John  writes'  ami  Thomas  reads.  Here 
and  connects  two  propositions  without  forming 
u  part  of  either. 

It  is  called  a  conjunction,  which  means  joining 
together, 

222.  A  conjunction  is  a  w  u  r  tl  use  d 
to   connect   words   and   propositions. 

They  are:  and,  although,  as,  because,  both, 
but,  either,  except,  if,  lest,  nor,  or,  since,  t^ian. 
that,  though,  unless,  whether,  yet. 

For  the  classes  of  conjunctions  and  conjunctive  word 
gee  H.  S.  Gr. 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  Thomas  and  James  have  come.  *And  is  a  con- 
junction ;  it  is  used  to  connect  words  and  sentences.  It 
.connects  Thomas  aud  James,  by  Rule  XIX.  , 

Conjunctions  connects  words  and  sentences. 

Mary  and  her  sister  have'  come.  The  winter 
is  past  and  spring  has  come.  James  or  his 
brother  will  come  to-morrow.  Peaches,  apples 
and  pears  grow  in  the  orchard. 

Write,  sentences  describing  a  garden. 


LESSON.  XL  Y. 

INTERJECTIONS. 


223.  Interjections  are  exclamatory  words, 
thrown  between  propositions  to  express  emotions 
or  to  call  attention. 


224]  INTERJECTIONS.  99 

-  They  arc  dot  members  or  modifiers  of  propo- 
sitions' and  not  do  connect  them. 

224.  Interjections  express,  1.  Sorrow :  i\s,  oh  ! 
nit!  alas!  2.  Exultation :  as,  hurrah!  huzza.' 
aha!  bravo!  o.  Disgust:  as,  fie!  fudge!  tush! 
pshaw!  4.  "Wonder:  as,  indeed!  strange!  ivhat! 
5.  A  sudden  call  :  as,  ho  !  hallo  !  6.  Salutation  : 
as,  0,  welcome!  hail!  7...  Taking  leave :  as,  good 
byey  farewell,  adieu.  8.  A  demand  for  attention 
or  silence  :  as,  hark!  hush!  hist!  lo  !  behold! 

• 

EXERCISES. 

Model.  Ah!  woe  is  me.  Ah!  is  an  interjection,  it 
expresses  sorrow. 

» 

Hark !  some  one  comes.  Hush !  here  he  is. 
Alas  !  my  hope  is  tied.  Hark  !  what  sound  was 
that.     Hist !  he  is  coming. 


PART    SECOND. 


SYNTAX. 


LESSON"  XLVI. 

PROPOSITIONS. 

225.  Syntax  treats  of  the  arrangement  and 
construction  of  words  in  propositions  and  sen- 
tences. 

226.  Language  consists  of  propositions, 
single  or  united,  and  modified  in  various  ways. 

227.  Propositions*  may  be  deckirative,  in- 
terrogative, imperative,  and  exclamatory. 

228.  A  perfect  proposition  consists  of  two 
parts,  subject  and  predicate. 

229.  The '  s  u  b  j  e  c  t  and  p  r  e  d  i  c  a  t  c  may 
.be  simple  or  compound,  grammatical  or  logical. 

230.  The  simple  subject  or  piedicatc  consists 
of  but  one  word  or  clause ;  as,  John  runs;  To  lie 
is  base. 

Here  John  is  the  simple  subject ;  runs,  tin- 
simple  predicate.  To  lie  is  the  subject;  base,  tnc 
predicate. 

231.  The  compound  subject  or  predicate  con- 
sists of  two  or  more  simple  subjects  or  predict 
united;  as,  "  John  and  James  have  come."    "  Mary 
sings  and  plays  " 


U>2  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.        [232 — 230 

232.  The  grammatical  subject  or  predicate  is  the 
same  as  the  simple;  as,  John  runs..  John  is  the 
grammatical  subject,  runs  the  grammatical  predi- 
cate. 

233.  The  logical  subject  'or  predicate  is  the 
grammatical, with  its  various  modifiers;  as  "The 
loud  winds  roar  through  the  forest."  The  loud 
winds,  is  the  logical  subject ;  roar  through  the  for- 
est, is  the  logical  predicate. 

EXERCISES. 

Point  out  the  classes  of  propositions  and  the  forms  Or  sub« 
ject  and  predicate. 

God  is  the  maker  of  all  things.  Industry  and 
perseverence  will  overcome  every  obstacle.  When 
will  James  and  his  brother  return  ?  Mary  plays 
and  sings  sweetly.  How  beautiful  are  the  starry 
haavens  !  Call  your  -brother.  Let  us  walk  in 
the  shady  groves. 

Write  six  declarative  sentences,  containing  any 
words  the  teacher  may  assign. 

Also,  in  the  same  manner,  six  interrogative 
sentences. 


LESSON  XLVII. 

SENTENCES,  CLAUSES,  AND  PHRASES. 

234.  When  -a  sentence  contains  but  one  propo- 
sition, it  is  a.  simple  sentence-;  when  more  than 
one,  a  compound  sentence. 

235.  The  propositions  contained  in  a  sentence 
are  called  members. 

236.  The  clause  is  a  proposition  or  a  collection 


237—238]  SENTENCES,  AQ.  108 

of  words  introducing  some  new  fact,  and  which  is 
dependent  upon  some  wTord  in  the  sentence  ;  as, 
"  The  tree  which  you  see  is  a  maple."  "  Which 
you  see,"  is  a  clause  dependent  upon  tAe, 

Clauses  may  be  used  as  members  of  proposi- 
tions. 

5*37.  A  Phrase  is  a  short  expression  like,  in 
ruin,  in  fine,  in  short,  to  be  sure,  fe'. 

They  express  a  single  idea  when  taken  together. 
Taken  word  by  word  they  have  no  grammatical 
connection  with  the  rest  of  the  proposition. 

238.  Clauses  my  be  divided  into  substantive,  ad- 
jective, relative,  adverbial,  and  conditional  clauses. 

1 .  A  Substantive  clause  is  one  that  performs 
the  office  of  a  noun  in  the  nominative  or  objective  . 
case;    as,    "I   do   not   know    whether  he   came." 
-  Whether  he  came  "  is  the  object  oiknoio. 

2.  A  Relative  clause  is* one  introduced  by 
a  relative  pronoun. 

3.  An  Adjective  clause  is  one  introduced 
by  an  adjective  or  participle ;  ^  James,  eager  to  learn, 
applied  himself  to  study."  "  1  erupted  by  pleasure, 
he  forgot  the  lessons  of  his  youth." 

4.  A  n  A  d  v  c  rb  i  a  1  clause  is  one  that  performs 
the  office  of  an  adverb  ;'  as,  "  Where  thou  lodgest. 
T  will  kxHg 

5.  A    Conditional    clause    is    one    that    i 
presses  a  condition  ;  as,  "If  he  come*  to  morrow,  I 
will  return 

6.  There  is  also  the   Absolute    clause  whi 
forms  no  part  of  the  proposition.     It  consists   of 
a  noun  or  piv>u.»un   joined  with   a  participle;  a*. 

The  sun  ha  .  the  clonds  disappeared. 


Inl  ELEMENTARY    6UAMMAR.        [230 — 240 

239.  The  first  five  clauses  may  be  reduced  to  three, 
Substantive,  Adjective,  and  Adverbial, 
uniting  the  relative  with  the  adjective;  and  the 
conditional  with  the  adverbial  clauses. 

EXERCISES. 

Point  out  the  clauses,  and  phrases;  and  analyze 
and  parse  tlie  sentences. 

Some,  presuming  on  the  good  nature  of  their  friends, 
write  their  letters  in  a  hasty  and  unconnected  manner. 
Tn  short,  if  a  man  prefers  a  life  of  industry,  it  is  because 
he  has  an  idea  of  comfort.  The  measure  is  so  exception- 
able that  we  can  by  no  means  permit  it.  The  youth  fond 
of  play,  neglects  his  .studies.  Pleased  with  the  sight  he 
returned  homewards.  When  the  sun  arises,  the  clouds 
will  disappear.  Having  learned  his  lesson,  he  went  out 
to  walk. 

Write  sentences  describing  a  farm  yard. 


LESSON    XLVIIL 

* 

THE  RULES  OF  SYNTAX. 

240.  Rule  I.  The  subject  of  the  proposition 
is  put  in  the  nominative  case. 

Rule  II.  The  verb  must  agree  with  the 
subject  in  number  and  person. 

Rule  III.  The  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  pre- 
dicate agrees  with  the  subject  in  case. 

Rule  IV.  4  noun  or  pronoun  limiting  another 
noun  or  pronoun  denoting  the  same  person  or 
thing,  ag ree  a  w  Ith  i I  i  1 1  ea  s e . 


240]  EULEo  OF  SYNTAX.  ,  105 

Rule  V.  A  noun  or  pronoun  limiting  an- 
other noun  denoting  a  different  person  or  thing, 
is  put  in  the  possessive  case. 

Rule "VI.  Adjectives  modify  nouns  and  pro- 
nouns. 

Rule  VII.  The  indefinite  article  limits  nouns 
in  the  singular  number  only.       # 

Rule  VIII.  The  definite  article  limits  nouns 
in  the  singular  or  plural  number. 

Rule  IX.  Pronouns  agree  with  their  ante- 
cedents in  gender,  number,  and  person. 

Rule  X.  The  direct  object  of  the  Transitive 
verb  is  put  in  the  objective  case. 

Rule  XI.  Verbs  of  asking  and  teaching  are 
followed  by  two  objective  cases,  one  of  the  per- 
son, and  the  other  of  the  thing. 

feule  XII.  Verbs  of  giving,  granting,  allow- 
ing, &c.,'are  followed  by-  two  objects;  the  di- 
rect and  the  indirect  in  the  objective  case. 

Or  better,  Verbs  or  giving,  granting,  allow- 
ing, &c,  are  followed  by  the  objectine  of  the 
direct  object,  and  the  dative  of  the  indirect  ob- 
ject. 

Rule  XIII.  Verbs  of  making,  choosing,  ren- 
dering, and  constituting  are  followed  by  two 
objectives;  the  one  of  the  person,  and  the  oth- 
er of  the  effect  produced. 

Rule  XIV.  Nouns  denoting  duration  of  time, 
distance,   weight,  measure,  and  prioe,  &re#pu1 
in  the  objective  case. 
5b 


106  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  [240 

Rule  XV.  The  words  like,  unlike,  near,  and 
nigh  arc  followed  by  the  objective  case.  [Or, 
better,  by  the  dative,  as  that  was  their  former 
power.] 

Rule  XVI.  Adverbs  modify  verbs,  adjec- 
tives, and  other  adverbs. 

Rule  XVH.  Prepositions  connect  words  and 
show  the  relation  between  them. 

Rule  XVIII.  The  object  of  the  preposition 
is  put  in  the  objective  case. 

Rule  XIX.  Conjunctions  connect  sentences, 
and  parts  of  sentences. 

Rule  XX.  The  interjections  0!  oh!  ah!  are 
followed  by  the  objective  of  the  first  person. 

Interjections  are  generally  followed  by  the 
vocative  of  the  second  person. 

Rule  XXI.  The  Infinitive  depends  upon 
verbs,  adjectives,  and  nouns. 

Rule  XXII.  The  simple  infinitive  without 
to  is  used  after  bid,  do,  feel,  have,  hear,  let, 
make,  need,  see ;  and  also  after  may,  can,  will, 
shall,  and  must,  in  the  compound  tenses. 

Rule  XXIII.  The  infinitive  has  sometimes  a 
subject  in .  the  objective  case. 

Rule  XXIV.  Participles  refer  to  nouns  and 
pronouns. 

Rule  XXV.  Oerbal  riouns  are  followed  by 
the  same  cases  as  the  verbs  from  which  they 
are  derived. 


241 — 243]        simple  propositions. •  107 

Rule '  XXVI.  A  noun  or  pronoun  joined  with 
a  participle  having  no  dependence  upon  other' 
words  is  put  in  the  nominative  case  absolute. 

Rule  XXVII.  The  name  of  the  person  or 
thing  addressed  is  put  in  the  vocative. 


LESSON  XLLV 

ANALYSIS    OV    SIMPLE    PROPOSITIONS. 

241.  The  simple  proposition  consists  of  a  sub- 
ject and  a  predicate. 

242.  The  subject  may  be  various. 
First,  a  noun  ;  as,  "  John  runs." 
Second,  a  pronoun  ;  iis,  "  He  studies." 

Third,  an  adjective  used  as  a  noun  ;  "  Tho  good 

arc  happy." 

Fourth,  an  iniiuitivc;  as,  "  To  deceive  is  base." 
Fifth,    any    word   used   merely   as  such ;    as, 

••  Good  is  an  adjective. 

243.  The  predicate  may  be  various. 

First,  the  verb  ;  as,  "  John  runs."     "  God  is." 
Second,   the    adjective;    as,     "  God   is  goodr 
w*  James  is  studious." 

Third,  a  noun  ;  as,  g  James  is  a,  painter  " 
Fourth,  an  infinitive ;  as,  "  To  falter  is  to  I 
everything." 

Fifth,  a  noun  and  preposition  or  tho  adjunct ; 
as,  -'He  is  in  good  spirits,"  that  is,  "  He  is  cheer- 
ful." 

Sixth,  an  adverb  ;  as,  «  The  tide  is  up.'' 


V)b  kllme;  [J44 — 246 

244.  Is  in  those  sentences  is  a,  copula  connec- 
ting the  subject  and  predicate.    ' 

The  word  copula  means  a  link  or  joining. 

245.  Alljthoso  forms  are  predicative  combina- 
tions. 

EXERCISES. 

Analyze  these  sentences  and  point  out  the  different  forms 
of  subject  and  predicate. 

Water  flows.  Rain  falls.  Trees  grow.  Mary  is  sing- 
ing. The  sun  is  shining.  The  sun  is  hot.  The  rose  is 
beautiful,  Mary  and  her  sister  are  happy.  He  is  in 
Paris.  The  tree  is  under*  the  hill.  The  stone'  is  above 
the  spring.  The  tide  is  out.  The  wind  is  up.  To  de- 
ceive is  base. 

Write  sentences  containing  these  words  as  subjects: — 
Sun,  birds,  boys,  horse,  he;  they,  the  wise,  the  indus- 
trious, to  do  wrong,  to  tell  an  untruth,  A,  six. 
Write  sentences  containing  these  as  predicates  : — 
Blows,  sing,  mows,  reap,  laugh,  play,  prudent,   indus- 
trious, glad,  merry,  tall,  sour,   sweet,  blacksmith,   shoe- 
maker, farmer,  lawyer,  student,  .mason. 


LESSON- L. 

ATTRIBUTIVE    MODIFIERS. 

246.  -Any  word  modifying  a  noun  or  pronoun 

standing  either  in- the  subject  or  predicate  is  an 
attributive  modifier. 
They  are:— 

First,  the  adjective ;  as,  H  A  sweet  apple."     "'A 
high  hill." 

The  participle  and  the  adverb  used  adjectively 


247  I  ATTRIBUTIVE    MOPTlIEKv  .  1U-' 

belong  to  this  class  ;  as,  "The  rising  sun."     "  The 
above  statement." 

Second,  the  noun   in   apposition,    or   the    noun 
joined  to  another  denoting  the  same  person   or 
thing  ;    as,    "  Thomas,   the    carpenter,  is   a   good 
man." 

Third,  the  possessive  case  ;  as,  "  John's  hat/' 

Fourth,  the  adjunct;  as, '"The   house   of  my 
father ." 

Fifth,  the  infinitive  with   t*;  as,   "A  time  to 
plat/'. "     "  A  play  time. " 

The   attributives  jnay   change  for    each   oth- 
er ;  as,  "  A  golden  crown  "  is  equal  to  "  A  crown 
of  gold  r  "  An  old  mari/raro  Itafy  "  to  "An  old 
Italian  (man*;")  "The   house   of  my  father"    to 
•"Myfath&f'shouse^ 

247.  The  principal  word  together  with  the 
modifier  forms  the  attributive  combination. 

KXKRCTSgS. 

Hugh  Miller,  the  Geologist  was  M  mason.  The  tall 
pine  is  a  valuable  tree.  Newton,  the  great  philosopher, 
was  an  humble  Christian.  Mr.  Mason's  house  is  elegant. 
The  king  of  Italy  is  a  brave  soldier.  The  chest  of  oak  is 
heavy.  The  brave  soldier,  fighting  for  his  native  land, 
should  be  held  in  lasting  remembrance.  There  is  a  time 
to  weep  and  a  time  to  laugh. 

Compose  fentences  containing  tKese  words  as  attribu- 
tive modifiers; — 

Tall,  beautiful,  pleasant,  high,  sweet,  strong,  ma- 
painter,  shoemaker,  farmer,  Susan's, his,  Mary's.  Then.; 
of  my  brother,  in  the  garden. 


TTO  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.         [248—249 

LESSOR    LI. 

ANALYSIS    CONTINUED. 
OBJECTIVE   MODIFIERS. 

•J48.  Any  word  modifying  a  verb,  an  adjective. 
an  adverb,  or  preposition  is  an  objective  modi- 
fier. ■    , 

They  are:— 

First,  the  direct  object,  or  objective  case;  as, 
'•'  Mary  reads  her  book." 

Second,  the  indirect  object,  of  the  dative  case  ; 
as,  "  My  fatlfer  gave  me  this  book." 

Third,  the  factitive  object,  or  the  effect  pro- 
duced ;  as,  They  made  him  chairman.  "  Making 
chairman"  is  the  assertion,  him  its  object.  Htm 
is  the  direct  object ;  chairman  the  factitive. 

That  which  any  person  or  thing  is  appointed, 
chosen,  or  constituted,  is  called  the  factitive  ob- 
ject. .   0 

Fourth,  the  remote  object,  expressed  by  an 
adjunct;  as,  "  He  repents  of  his  folly."  "He  is 
fond  of  study." 

Fifth,  the  object  of  flace ;   as,    "James   is   at  . 
home."     "He  lives  here." 

Sixth,  the  object  of  time  ;  as,  "  He  came  yester- 
day"    "  He  started  before  day.''  ♦ 

Seventh,  the  object  of  cause  ;  as,  "  Bocrates  died 
from  poison." 

Eighth,  the  object  of  manner ;  as,  "  He  speaks 
kindly",    * 

249.  The  principal  word  together  with  the  mod- 
ifier forms  the  objective  combination. 


2.r>0— 251]    CONTRACTED  PROPOSITION. 


Ill 


250.  These  combinations  are  the  elements  of  all 
sentences. '  Tl<%,  together  with  contracted  con- 
structions, form  language. 


EXAMPLES. 

" A  wise  man  governs  his  passions."  "Man 
governs  "  is  the  predicative  ;  "  a  wise  man  '  the 
attributive ;  "  governs  his  passions,"  the  objective 
combination. 

EXAMPLES    FOR    ANALYSIS., 

Washington,  the  father  of  his  country,  was  born  in 
Virginia.  The  wise  Socrates  taught  the  immortality  of 
the  soul.  The  happy  children  of  our  friend  were  playing 
in  the  garden.  Mary's  sister  reads  well.  James  will 
return  to-morrow.     He  conversed  with  us  pleasantly. 

Compose  sentences  containing  these  words  as  objective 

modifiers  : — 

Field,  arithmetic,  house,  him,  me,  James,  president, 
secretary,  to-day,  in  Charleston,  there,  in  the  country, 
kindly. 


LESSON  L1L 

ANALYSIS   CONTINUED.' 
CONTRACTED    PROPOSITIONS.  % 

251.  There  are  certain  forms  in  which  the  sub- 
ject and  predicate  are  not  fully  expressed,  but 
where  they  are  found  in  a  contracted  form. 

They  are  : — 

•  First,  the  participles  ;  as,  "  He  answering  said,' 
which  is,  when  fully  expressed,  equal  to  "  He  an- 
swered and  said." 


TUT  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR. 

Second,  by  the  participle  used  adverbially  :  as, 
"He  fell  fighting^  that  is,  "He%ll  and  he  was 
fighting  when  he  fell." 

ft  modifies  the  verb,  by  expressing  an  action  or 
state  taking  place  or  existing  at  the  same  time.    ■ 

Ihird,  the  case  absolute,  or  the  noun  joined 
with  a  participle  independent  of  the  rest  of  the 
sentence;  as,  "The  enemy  advancing,  he  retreat- 
ed," that  Is,  "-Because  the  enemy  advanced  he 
retreated." 

Fourth,  the  infinitive  with  to,  or  the  Supine; 
as,  "  lie  prepared  to  <7o,"  that  is,  "He  prepared 
that  he  might  go." 

This  is  the  infinitive  of  purpose  ;  as,  "  He  reads 
to  Irani;'  *<  JIc  reads  that  he  may  learn." 

Fifth,  the  infinitive  with  an  objective  case ;  as, 
"I  advised  him  to  nor  «  I  advised  him  that  he 
•should  go  "  or"  I  advised  that  he  should  go." 

1      EXERCISES. 

Expand  the  contracted  sentences  as  shown 
above.  -         %  « 

Walking  down  the  street,  I  met  a  friend.  Having 
been  elected,  he  accepted  the  office.  His  story  having 
been  told,  he  departed.  He  went  away  rejoicing.  He 
labored  hard  to  prepare  himself  for  his  position.  He  was 
anxious  to  learn.  T  advised  him  to  return.  He  bade 
me  go. 

Complete  sentences  containing  these  contracted 
propositions : — 

The  weather  being  pleasant.  The  storm  having  passed. 
Walking  down  tne  street.  Running  out.  While  walk- 
ing by  the  rivrr.     Pitying  and  shouting  in    the    street, 


252 — 250]   compound  sentences       11 


•  > 


By  reading  good  books.  Came  running  and  saying. 
Lesson  having  been*  learned.  Work  being  completed. 
Sisters  approaching.  Desires  to  learn.  Strives  to  gain. 
Anxious  to.  go.     Labors  to  become.     Urged  him  to  go. 


LESSON  LIIL 

ANALYSTS    CONTINUED. 
COMPOUND    SENTENCES. 

252.  Simple  propositions  may  bo  used  in  two 
ways. 

1.  They  may  be  used  like  single  words  as  mod- 
ifiers or  members  of  other  propositions. 

2.  Or,  they  may  be  placed  by  the  side  of  each 
other,  as  independent  members  uniting  in  the  ex- 
pression ot  a  single  thought. 

The  first  methed  is  called  Subordination  :  the 
second,  Coordination. 

I.    SUBORDINATE    PROPOSITIONS. 

253.  Subordinate  propositions  are  of  three 
kinds;  substantive,  adjective,  and  adverbial. 

2,54.  A  substantive  proposition  is  one  that  may 
be  used  u\  the  place  of  a  noun. 

255.  They  may  be  used,  first,  as  the   subji 
as,  "  That  all  must  die,  is  certain."    Second,  as  the 
direct  object ;  as,  ^'We  know  that  tummer    will 
cofne  again."     Third,    as   the   second   object  ; 
"  The  Bible  teaches  us  that  God  is  4 

25G.   The  adjective  proposition  is  one  that  p< 
forms  the  office  of  an  adjectiv  e   man 


114  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.        [257 — 259 

who  is  prudent  provides  for  the  future,'*    is    equal 
to  the  prudent  mem,  $c. 

257.  An  adverbial  proposition  is  one  that  mod- 
ifies the  leading  verb  like  an  adverb. 

258.  It  expresses,  first,  the  place ;  as,  "  where 
thou  lodge st,  I  will  lodge  ;"■  second,  the  time;  as. 
"  ichen  the  mail  arrives,  we  shall  hear  the  news-;" 
third,  the  manner;  as,  "Forgive  ns  our  debts,. as 
ive  forgive  our  debtors;"  fourth,  the  cause;  as, 
"  The  pear  fell  oft  because  it  teas  ripe ;;"  fifth,  in-' 
tensity;  as,  "  He  is  as  rich  as  his  brother." 

Conditional  propositions  also  belong  to  this  class. 

EXERCISES. 

That  the  earth  is  a  sphere,  is  easily  proved.  When 
letters  were  first  used,  is  uncertain.  Why  he  resigned 
his  office,  -will  soon  be  made  known.  He  whom  I  loved, 
is  dead.  The  rewards  which  are  promised,  shall  be 
given,  Whither  thou  goest,  I  will  go.  When  the  bell 
rings,  we  must  go  to  school.  If  it  does  not  rain,  I  will 
come.  If  I  had  not  the  book,  I  would  purchase  it. 
Peter,  who  had  a  sword,  drew  it.  Thomas  is  as  tall  as 
his  brother. 

Write  a  few  short  sentences  describing  your  slate. 


LESSON    LIY. 

ANALYSIS    CONTINUED. 
II.    COORDINATE    EROPOSITIONS. 

259.  In  the  next  condition  of  sentences,  inde- 
pendent propositions  are  brought  by  the  side  of 
each  other,  and  joined  together   to  express   one 


2G0— 2G2J    COORDINATE   PROPOSITIONS.  115 

thought;  as,   "  The  sun   shines,   and  the  air    is 
mild." 

260.  This  is  done  in  three  ways ;  by  uniting 
them,  by  opposing  them,  by  accounting  for  one 
by  means  of  the  other. 

261.  The  first  class  are  called  copulative ;  the 
second,  adversative;  the  third  causal. 

Point  out  in  these  propositions  the  members 
and  connectives. 

COPULATIVE    PROPOSITIONS. 

» 

The  sun  shines  and  the  clouds  are  breaking  away. 
Heaven  and  earth  shall  pass  away.  He  has  not  only 
heard  the  lecture,  but  also  understood  it.  He  is  both 
learned  and  wise.  He  is  poor  and  happy.  Tie  is  wise 
as  well  as  learned. 

ADVERSATIVE    PROPOSITIONS. 

He  is  not  an  Englishman,  but  a  Frenchman.  The 
house  is  convenient,  but  the  garden  is  in  waste.  Either 
John  or  his  brother  will  come. 

In  such  sentences  as  the  last  the  conjunctive 
words  enter  in  pairs  expressed  or  understood  ;  as, 
"  Whether  James  or  John  will  come  is  uncertain." 
kk  Neitfier  Mary  nor  her  sister  are  here." 

CAUSA  L   PRO  POSIT  I  < » X  8 . 

Enoch  was  not,  for  God  took  him.      He  ia  idle,  thi 
fore  he  is  poor.     lie  is  quarrelsome,  therefore  people 
avoid  him.     He  is  guilty,  for  he  blush- 

2(>2.  When  the  propositions  ar<  onneofc 

togethor  as  to  express  a  complete  thought,   th< 


116  MENTARY  'GRAMMAR.       [263— 

term   a    Period;  as,    "God   is   loved,  for  he   is 
good."    . 

263.  Periods  may  be  simple  or  compound. 
"Though  I  walk   through   the  valley   of  the 

§hadow  of  death,  I  will  fear  no  evil ;  for  thou  art 
with  me,"  is  a  compound  period. 

"  Though  I  walk  through  the  valley,  of  the 
shadow  of  death,  I  will  fear  no  evil,"  is  one  pe- 
riod* "  I  will  fear  no  evil  for  thou  art  with  me," 
is  another. 

264.  -Periods  singly  or  combined  form  the 
highest  condition  of  language. 

EXERCISES    IN    COMPOSITION. 

Let  the  the  teacher  select  some  interesting  lit- 
tle story  or  short  description,  and  require  the 
pupils  to  read  it  carefully  and  then  give  a  written 


abstract  of  it  in  their  own  language. 

A  similar  exercise  may  frequently  aud  profitably  be  given. 

Indeed,  the  teacher  should  regard  all  the  exercises 
given  in  composition  as  models,  which  he  may  use  according 
t>>  his  judgment. 


LESSOK  LV. 


THE   RUfrES   OF    SYNTAX  WITH   REMARKS   AND    ILLUS- 
TRATIONS. 

KULE   I.      THE    SUBJECT    OF    THE   VERB. 

265.  The  subject  of  the  proposition  is  put 
in  the  nominative  case. 

1.  In  contracted  propositions  the  subject  is  put 
in  the  objective  with  the  inhnitive. 


266]  RULES  CONTINUED.  117 

2.  The  subject  of  the  imperative  U  generally 

understood;  as,  Go  (thou.)  Come  (ye.) 

3.  In  answers  to  questions  the  noun  is  frequenl- 
ly  used  without  a  verb  expressed ;  as,  "  Who  gave 
it  to  you?"  Ans.  "John"  (gave  it  to  me.) 

4.  The  noun  and  pronoun  must  not  be  used 
with  the  same  verb;  as,  "  The  king  is  just,"  not 
ik  The  king  he  is  just."    • 

5.  7  hem  should  not. boused  for  these  and  those. 

EXERCISES. 

• 
Stephen  was  .stoned.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  was  the 
tirst  emperor  of  France.  God  tempers  the  wind  to  the 
shorn  lamb.  The  trees  are  laden  with  fruit.  The  pru- 
dent will  be  respected,  but  the  careless  will  be  despised. 
Correct  these  sentences  : — Them  are  delightful.  Him 
and  me  were  there.  You  and  me  saw  them.  Are  not 
him  and  her  cousins.  The  Queen  she  is  a  noble  lady. 
John  he  has  gone*  to  school. 

RULE   II.      AGREEMENT   Of   THE 

266.  The  verb  must  agree  with  the  subject 
in  numbor  and  person.. 

1.  A  singular  noun  used  in  a  plural  sense  takes 
a  verb  in  the  plural ;  as,  "  Twenty  sail  were  seen." 

2.  An  intransitive  verb  between  two  nomina- 
tives of  different  numbers  usually  agrees  with  the 
first ;  as,  "  His  meat  was  locusts  and  wild  bom 

3.  As  regards,  as  appears,  as  follows,  <fc,  are 
equal  to  as  it  regards,  as  it  follows,  <fc. 

4.  When  they  may  be  substituted    for  a  coll- 
tive  noun  with  a  singular  form,  the  verb  must  be 
plural:  as.  "The  assembly  were  divided  in  their 


118  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.        [267 — 268 

opinions,"  that  *  is,  they,- the  individah  were  di- 
vided. 

.").  When  it  may  be  substituted,  it  is  singular  ; 
,l  The  nation  is  powerful."     "  It  is  powerful. " 

207.  Twp  or  more  different  subjects  connected 
\>y  and  require  a  plural  verb. 

1.  When  the  nouns  thus  connected  are  modi- 
fied by  each,  every,  cither,  neither,  and  no.,  the  verb 
is  singular. 

2.  A  verb  may  agree  with  the  first  noun  and 
be  understood  with  the  rest;  as,  ""Thy  beauty 
walks,  thy  tenderness  and  love." 

3.  AY  hen  the  subjects  are  of  different  persons 
the  verb  prefers  the  first  to  the  second,  and  the 
second t<*the  third  ;  as,  "  James  and  I  are  going." 

268.  Two  or  more  singular  subjects  connected 
by  or  or  nor  require  a- singular  verb. 

"When  they  are  of  different  numbers  the  verb 
should  be  plural  and  the  plural  subject  should  be 
placed  nearest  to  it. 

EXERCISES. 

Varro  was  esteemed  a  learned  man,  but  Aristides  was 
ealled  just.  To  see  the  sun  is  pleasant.  Titus  has  been 
called  the  delight  of  the  human  race,  A  variety  of  bless, 
ings  has  been  conferred  upon  us.  liichcs,  honors,  and 
pleasures,  steal  away  the  heart  from  religion.  He  and  I 
are  foes.  My  aunt,  with  her  daughter,  was  here  yestcr. 
.  day.  To  fish  and  hunt  are  pleasant.  Either  sex  and 
every  age  was  engaged  in  the  pursuits  of  industry.  Ig- 
norance or  negligence  has  caused  the  mistake.  Neither 
the  captain  nor  the  sailors  were  acquainted  with  the 
coast.  One  or  both  of  the  witnesses  were  present.  Thou 
mayst  go,  or  he,'  but  not  both. 


269]  t;t  ijs    i  ..XJINI'ED.  11* 

TO    BB    CORRECTED. 

The  clouds  has  dispersed.  The  birds  sings.  There 
was  three  men  in  the  company.  Thcrcis  men  who  never 
think.  Idleness  and  ignorance  is  the  parent  of  many 
vices.  James  and  John  was  there.  John  or  William 
have  come.  The  horse  or  eow  arc  his.  A  meeting  were 
called.  The  crowd  were  very  great.  The  council  was 
unanimous.  The  assembly  was  divided  in  opinion. 
Either  George  or  I  has  .the  work  to  perform.  Have  the 
horse  or  cow  been  found. 

Write  an  abstract  as  directed  in  the  previous 
lesson. 


LESSON     1AI. 

BULBS  CONTINUED. 
RULE    111.      THH    PREDICATE    NOUN'  OK    PfcONO 

269.  The  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  predicate 
agrees  with  the  subject  in  case. 

1.  It  does  not  always  agree  with  it  in  nunibcr: 
as,  "  Honest  men  are  the  salt  of  the  earth."     kk  >v 
pence  is  twelve  half  pennies." 

2.  The  verbs  that  admit  a  noun  in  the  predicate 
are  to  be,,  to  become  and  the  passive  voice  of  such 
\  <rbs  as  to  name,  to  render,  to  make,  .* 

.3.  When  the  infinitive  has  a  subject  in  the 
objective  case  the  predicate  noun  or  pronoun  ifl 
put  in  the  objective. 

£.  In  contracted  propositions  after  the  irfftni- 
tives  andparticiplcs  of  intransitive  verbs,  the  noun. 


120  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  [270 

or  pronoun  is  put  in  the  nominative  ;  as,  "Being 
a  soldier*  I  could  not  resist  the  call,"  that  is, 
"  Since  T  was  a  soldier." 

EXERCISES. 

It  was  he  that  said  it.     It  is  they  who  are  to   blame. 

James  is  ;  skillful  workman.  We  thought  him  to  be  a 
rogue.  Brutus  is  represented  as  having  been  an  ardent 
lover  of  his  country.  I  have  a  faint  recollection  of  his 
being  a*classmate. 

TO  BE  'CORRECTED. 

It  was  not  him  that  said  it.  It  cannot  be  him.  Whom 
are  you?  I  did  not  think  of  its  being  him.  I  could  not 
believe  it  was  her.  It  was  me  that  you  saw  Tt  is  them. 
If  it  is  them  whom  you  saw,  it  is  right. 

RULE  IV.     apposition. 

-70.  A  noun  or  pronoun  limiting  another 
noun  or  pronoun  denoting  the  same  person  or 
thing,  agrees  with  it  in  case;  as,  "Paul,  the 
apostle."     "Yemen  of  Athers." 

1.  The  limiting  noun  is  said  to  be  in  apposition 
with  the  other. 

2.  The  names  of  persons  form  complex  nouns 
and  are  parsed  as  one  word;  as,  u3Iark  Antony 
mourned  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar." 

3.  As  sometimes  connects  words  in  apposition  ; 
as,  "  Clay  as  an  orator  was"  unrivalled." 

4.  Distributive  pronouns  and  nouns  modified 
by  distributive  adjectives,  in  the  singular  agree 
with  nouns  in  the  plural ;  as,   "  They  fled,  every 


270]  RULES   CONTINUED.  121 

man  to  his  tcnf,"  that  is,  "  They  fled,  every  man 
Hod  to  his  tent. 

They  I  h  other,"  that  is,    "They    each 

Jove  the  other."         \ch  is  in  a;  ion  with  th 

and  other  is  the  ohjeet  of  love. 

•>.  A  noun  may  be  in  apposition  with  a  sen- 
tence, and  an  infinitive  or  sentence  may  be  in  ap- 
position with  a  noun. 

When  two  nouns  come  together  in  the  pos- 
sessive ease,  the  sign  is  annexed  to  the  last  ;  as, 
ki  John,  the  Baptist's  head." 

7.  A- noun  in  apposition  with  two  or  more  nouns 
is  put  in  the  plural  ;  as,  "Romulus  -and  Kemns, 
grandsons  of  Nu mitor. 

EXERCISES. 

Newton,  the  great  philosopher,  was  an  humble  Chris- 
tian.  We  men  are  mortal.  FJ  men  of  Athens.  Jane 
and  Mary,  our  cousins.  Thou,  even  thou  art  feared. 
Washington  the  fathSr  of  his  country  was  born   in    Vir- 

lia.     They  praise  each  other. 

TO    BE    CORRECTED. 

It  was  Virgil,  him  who  wrote  the  Acneid.     I  speak 
Cromwell  he  who  beheaded  Charles.      XI  and   M:< 

ria,  our  cousin.     I  saw  Mr.  Brown  he  who  In    -  the 

river.     Give  it  to  James  he  who  is  standing  \ 

Arrange  these  sentences  differently  without  chang- 
ing the  meaning,  thus  : —  "  Tli«i  tree  is  high  winch 
stands  yonder."     "  The  tree  which  stands  yonder 

is  high." 

The  man   whom  you  aafl    returned.     The    river 

which  you  crossed  is  rapid.     The   nignt    was    dark    and 
•6 


122  _  .  lRY  gram:.;  [271 

cold.     The  1  is  the  longest' river  iq  ihe  world. 

Youder  stands  the  kouit  of  my  youth'. . 


LESSON  LV1T.  . 

•  i;ri.i:s    continued. 
HULE   V.  .  the  i  ;ive  case'. 

271.  '  noun,  or  pronoun  limiting  another 
noun  denoting  a  different  person  or  thing  is  put 
in  tl  e  possessive  case,  ars  "Johns  hat,"    "His 

1.  Tlie  limited  noun  is  often  omitted  when  it 
may  be  easily*known;  .as,  UI  dined  at  Johnson's 

2.  When  tlie  thing  possessed  belongs  to  two 
or  more  persons;  tlie  sign  is  annexed  tg  the  last ; 
as.  "Joi'fn,  James;  •  ■  illiam's  house." 

8.  But  when  it  belongs  to  each  person  separate- 
ly it  must  be  added  to  eat-h  :  as,  "Worcester's' 
and  W  eh  &  t  cite  dictionaries." 

4.  Wonls  united  so  as  to  form  a  complex  nonn 
add  the  sign  to  the  last;  as,  li  Henry  the  eighth's 
Bcign," 

When  po  j  eases  are  in  apposition   the 

is  annexed  to  the  last  only  ■  unless  the  lim- 
ited nonn  is  omitted,  wheJi  it  is  annexed  to  the 
first;  as,  uIsaw    him  at  Brown.,  the  bookseller's 

re,"  or,  "at  Browns  the  bookseller." 

0.  rLro  noun  aiurpreposition  of  arc  often  used 
ln^ead'of  the  pdsses;-i\wu  ease;  as,  "The  hat  of 
Jvil.u,' '}(■:•  J.oiin*s  hat."  "The  advice  of  my 
mother,"  for  "My  mother'*  advice." 


272]  RULES  CONTINUED.  •♦128 

EXERCISES. 

Man's  extremity  is  God's  opportunity.  Whose  works 
are  these  ?  They  are  Cicero's,  the  most  eloquent  of  men. 
Ho  accompanied  me  to  St.  Mary's.  Peter,  John,  and 
Andrew's  occupation  was  that  of  fishermen.  The  name 
>»f  Jackson,  the  Christian  soldier,  tho  heraic  and  skillful 
general  will  live  forever  in  the  memory  of  his  country- 
men. The  great  heart  of  the  nation  throbs  heavilv  at 
the  portals  of  his  grave. 

TO   BE  CORRECTED. 

0 

This  was  your  fathers  estate.  One  mans  loss  is  often 
another  mans  gain.  These  books  are  their's,  those  are 
your's.  The  men  shoes  are  in  the  box.  David  and 
Solomon's  reign  were  prosperous.  Mary's  sister's  cou- 
sin's child  is  sick.  This  was  a  discovery  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton.  The  medicine  was  procured  at  Jones,  the 
apothecary  and  druggist's. 

KTLE  VI.      ADJECTIVES. 

272.  Adjectives  modify  nouns  and  pronouns, 
as,  UA  good  man."    "He  is  wis**." 

1.  They  modify  infinitives;  as,  "To  see  the 
sun  is  pleasant;"  and  sentences;  as,  "That  he 
should  have  refused  the  appointment  is  extraordi- 
nary,'* 

2.  They  sometimes  modify  other  adjectives ; 
as,  "'  Red  hot  iron." 

8.  They  modify  also  a  noun  and  adjective  taken 
together  as  one  idea;  as,  &  poor  old  man.  A  fine 
bay  horse. 

4.  With  infinitives  and  participles  the  adjeo- 
tire  is  sometimes  used  indefinitely ;  as,  "To  be 


llM  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  ("272 

e  and  good  is  to  be  great  and  "  Being 

honettis  better  tlian  lj$mg  wealthy  " 
These  are  contracted  expressions  in  which  wis s 

and  good  stand  in  the  predicate. 

They  y   intransitive  verbs,  and  with 

them  form  the  predicate  ;  as,  '*lle  felWtf."     "He 
\66kspale.\'m 

6.  They  modify  also  transitive  -verbs,  to" show- 
the  eitect  produced;  as,   u  He  made   me  glad."* 
••Thou  makest  trie   earth   soft  wifch   showers." 
Making  gl  he  assertion,  and  me  is  the  Object 
of  it.     See  Rule  XIII.  * 

7.  Adjectives  s.  •  not  be  used *in  the  place 
of  adverbs,  except  in  cases  like  those  just  given. 

With  the  they  are.  used  as  nouns  ;  as,  "  The  rich 
are  not  always  happy." 

8.  When  comparison  is  made  between  two  ob- 
jects the  comparative  degree  must  be  used ;  when 
it  is  made  between  tin  :e.or  more,  the  superlative 
is  used.' 

•  9.  Double  •  id  superlatives  must, 

be  avoided. 

10.  Adjectives  thai  1  number  must  agree 

with  their  nouns  in  i  ne  day,  ten  days, 

this  man,  these  men. 

EXERCISES 

• 
The  good  man  is  happy.     To  advance  was  difficult,  to 
retreat  dangerous.     A  fair  young  girl  was  leading  a  ven- 
erable old  man.     The  hay  smells    sweet..     Thou   malcest 
the  earth  soft  with  showers.  -  This  boy    is    industrious, 
.that  one  is  idle. 


273 — 274]  rules  continued.  125 

* 

A  new  barrel  of  floui  should  be    "  A  barrel  oi 

i  load  of 
new  pair  of  boots.     She  reads  proper,  writes 
V  tree  fifty  foot  high.     Twenty 
of  the  two.     He  is  the 
fehe  most  best.     1  lis  is  the  bestest. 
all  her  daughters.     A  more  heal- 
thier place  ea  mot  be  found,     t   do  not  like  those  kind 
ofaj  I  you  have  some  of  those  molasses?     I 

three  hour.     He  sat  silently.     The 
appU 

letter  to  some  friend  describing  your  school 
■ 


WESSON   LVIII. 

ID.  . 
E   VII.      TUB   II 

r3<  The  indefin  i  limits   nouns    in 

274.  '  &  the 

singular  or  plur.  . 
men." 

1. 
limi  is 

^mortal."     •■ 

in 
;  ;\nu  do  not  : 


126  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [274 

1.  Before  certain  proper  nouns  which  are  pre- 
ceded by  adjectives  or  are  used  like  adjectives 
themselves  the  article  is  used;  as,  "The  great 
Milton;"  " The  French  (people.)"  "The  Andes 
(mountains.)' ' 

,-  4.  "When  proper  nouns  are  used  to  represent  a 
class  the  article  is  used ;  as,  u  He  is  the  Cicero  of 
his  ago."     "  He  is*not  a  Washington." 

5.  The  article  is  sometimes  used. to  modify  the 
meaning  of  an  adjective  or  adverb;  as,  .*'•  A  few 
men."  "  A  hundred  men."  Compare  five  hun- 
dred men.  "  The  more."  "  The  Stronger."  "  The 
often er  I  see  it,  the  better  I  like  it." 

6.  When  two  or  more  adjectives  modify,  one 
object  the  article  is  placed  before  the  first  only; 

*  as,  "A  red  and  white  flag."  "  A  large  and  con- 
venient house." 

But  if  they  modify  different  objects  it '  must 
stand  before  each ;  as,  "A  red  and  white  flag," 
that  is,  two  flags. 

V.  Where  each  adjective  is  to  be  made  emphatic 
the  article  is  to  be  repeated,  as,  "The  learned, 
the  eloquent,  the  patriotic  Chatham." 

8.  Where  from  habit,  two  different  objects  are 
•  associated  together,  the  article,  is  not  repeated; 
as,  "I  saw  a  man  and  horse."  "  The  father  and 
mother  of  the  child." 

EXERCISES. 

I  saw  a  white  and  black  horse.  A  white  and  a  black 
horse  were  in  the  pasture.  He  has  a  little  reverence, 
hut  not  much.     He  has  little,  if  any.  reverence. 


275]  •  bulbs  cpXTftruii).  127 

TO   jii   CORRECTED. 

I  have  a  '  o.     ITo  may  be    a  jmljro   or 

doctor.     Osk   produces 

flower.     She  lived  in  an  age    of  el  the 

forbearance  arc!  the    cl  strong,     lie 

claimed  tbc  title  oi'acj 

UTILE  IX.     r 

275.  Pronouns  agree '  •yrith  their  'antecedents 

in  gender,  number,  and  person. 

Their  case  depends  upon  the  construction  of 
the  sentence. 

1.  Pronouns,  referring  to  two  or  more  nouns 
taken  together,  must  be  plural  ;  as,  "  George  and 
Thomas  excel  in  their  studies." 

2.  "^Vhen "  tlie". nouns  are   taken   separately   the 
"pronoun  'must  be  singular ;  as,  "Neither   James 

not  Jolin  is  diligent  in  Iris  studies/.' 

3.  When  the  nouns  are  of  difien  nt  persons  the 
pronoun  is  'first  rather   than    second    and 

.rather  than   third;  as,   "thou,  he,  and    I    must 
study  our   lessons."  I  and   he   must    find 

your  hooks." 

4.  7ns  often  use&without  reference  to  tin 

der,  number,  or. person  of  itsani  •  ""It 

is  lie."'     "It  iSffthe  "     •-  !  ••  It  i- 

5.  It  sometimes  stands  (bra  | 
as,  "  J7.is  certain  thai 

6.  Who  is  applied  to  pel  to  animals 
and  things,  that  Is  used  lor  who  or  which. 

7.  ,27«fl«J8preferrecl  after  the 

,  very,  and  all, 
live  who  I 


128  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAB.  [276 

EXERCISES. 

• 

The  trees  arc  putting  forth  their  leaves.  My  brother 
me  his  book.  James  and  his  sister  will  go  to  their 
uncle's-  You,  Susan,  and  I  must  recite  our  lessons. 
The  boy  who  is  diligent  will  improve.  "Who  is  coming'/ 
John.  The  dog  which  you  saw,  was  mine.  He  is  the 
same  man  that  he  always  was. 

TO    BE    CORRECTED. 

Livery  person  should  lcfve  their  friend  and  do  good  to 
them.  No  person  should  boast  of  themselves.  Every 
one  must  judge  of  their  own  feelings.  The  nobility  usu- 
ally have  some  title  conferred  upon  them.  He  is  the 
same  man  whom  I  saw.  Who  which  has  common  sense 
can  think  so.  The  army  whom  he  commands  is  well  dis- 
ciplined. James  and  you  must  study  their  lessons.  The 
dog  who  barked  was  killed.  The*  horse  what  I  saw  was 
black. 

Writs  sentences  describing  the  different  trees  in  the 
woods:  Describe  their  form,  size,  height,  the  color  of 
their  leaves,  &c, 

LESSOR  LIX.      . 

RULES    CONTINUED.* 
RULE    X.      THE   DIRECT    OBJECT. 

276.  The  direct  object  of  the  transitive  verb 
is  put  in  the  objective  case;  as,  "James  reads 
his  book."     i(l  love" him." 

1.  Infinitives,  phrases,  and  sentences  may  be 
used  as  the  object ;  as,  "  He  loves  to  study ."  "He 
ss^y  how  few  returned,"  "  I  hope  that  they  are 
safe" 


276]  1 29 

2.  A  few  •     them  a 

noun  of  similar  meaiiin  to  live 

a  r. 

an 

[     .  r  in   f 

"  Wo  talked  I 

•u- 
liar  or  idiomatic 

Some  verbs  govern  the  objective, 

,'h  are  otherwise  intransitive  :  as,  "Dance 
-Trot  the 
ufmitives,  partic  md  verbal  nouns' 

govern  their  verbs';  as 

"  To  n  "  Til        m  making  clothes." 

ing   clothes  is    the    tailors  .employment." 

ct  in  eacl 
Some   verbs    naturally   intransitive,   wh< 
pon  nded  with  j  i  s,  gov 

verbs;    as;   "  She 
smil  "He  at  hin         The 

•  lie 
was 

•  He  was  inu< 

■ 

The  farmer  is  ploughing  in  the  fie''  •  will  si 

I 

D. 

W  !  I  see?      lie  T  111'  :  ;; m   1   have 

chosen.     She  v  I  met.     He  and  they  we  know,  but 

whom  art  thou  art  ?     Xo  o  old  practice  of  stealing 


130  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.        [277 — 278 

Who  do  you  think    L   saw  '■      The   man   who   you  raised 
from  obscur  ,  v  friend.     He  that   is   idle  reprove". 

They  th;.  hrc  will  honor.. 

RULE    XL  "  the  double  object. 

!  77.    Verbs  of  asking  and  teaching  arc  fol- 
ed  by  two  abjecti\r(  s,  one  of  the  pcr- 

d  the   other  of  thing;  as,    "He  asked 
■  stion." 

1.  Sentences  likrei  u  Ete  taught  him  Grammar," 

o  independent  sentences; 

B         :   lit  him."     "He  taught  Grammar.'"'' 

W"hei  i    changed   into   the   passive 

her   6\  aiiy  become   the    subject, 

Other  'us   in    the    objective; 

him,"  or  "  lie  was  taught 
nar."  is  .generally  preferred. 

II.      THE  EOT    AND  INDIRECT  OBJECTS. 

278.    "'.  i  :      iving?   granting,  allowing, 

wo  objects,  the  direct  and 
vo  case. 

■  rbs  of  giving,  gi  mg, 

folio  'cdty  the  objective  of  the  direct  object 
'  :  c,- •■  -  gave  me  a 

bo(  Bo         the  direct  \  me, the  indirect  * 

1.  T  >bject  precedes  the  direct,  when 

it  occupic  atural   position;  as,    "He   gave 

him  a  book." 


*  Two  different  forme  of  this  ruje  are   given   to   meet   the 
different  opinions  of  teachers. 


279]  RULES    COTTINUED.  131 

2.  If  it  follows,  it  becomes  a  noun  and  prepo- 
sition, Rr"  adjunct;  as,  "He  gave,  me  a  book." 
*%  Flo  gave  a  book  to  m 

3.  *"Wheri  these  verbs  take  the  passive    voi- 
the  dire<  t  object  becomes  the  subject,  while  the 
indirect' remains  unchanged;  as,  "A  book  was 
given  me." 

4.  There  is  also  a  form  where  the  indirect  ob- 
ject becomes  the  .subject ;  as,  "He  promised  me 
a  present."  "I  was  promised  a  present.  The 
first  is  to  be  preferred. 

E<E     XIII.  Off    E1«CT   OR   FACTI- 

TIVE   OBJECT. 

279.  Verbs  of  making,  elftosing,  rendering, 
and  constituting  arc  followed  by  two  objectives, 
one  of  the  person,  and  the  other  of  the  effect 

produced;  as.  -They  made  him  a  judge." 
1  u,te, 

,„?,    lllhli 

ird,  rech 

,r  the  i  is    now    called    the 

t  from f actus  made. 

e  him  President,"  him  is  the 
Jii-,  .is  what  1' 

the  ad  of  chooi  Lm 

4.   In  the  pa  the    dii 

foesul  and  the  object  o  pui 

in  th  Hfewascl  ral 

id   ma^    be 
id  him  anadj< 

•Thev  cna 


c 


182  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.         [280 — 282 

wise;"  or,  an  infinitive;  as,  •"  They  made   him 
go."     "Thou  Wilt  make  us  to  live."  ' 

6.*  The  adjective  in  such  cases  agrees  with  the 
noun,  but  modifies  the  verb  by  expressing  the 
effect  produced  by  its  action. 

RULE    XTV".       TIME,    DISTANCE,    WEIGHT,    &C. 

« 

280.    Nouns  denoting  duration  of  time,  dis- 
*  tance,  weight,  measure,  and  price,  are  put  in 
the  objective  case. 

1.  JJome  is  also  put  in  the  objective  case   after 
verbs   of  motion;    as,    "lie    has   gone   home."    -• 
uIIe  is  coming  home."     Home,  however,  is  con- 
sidered by  many  an  adverb  in  such  cases. 

"2.  "When  any  particular  time  is  referred  to,  a 
preposition  is  commonly  used;  as,  "He  arrived 
on  Wednesday  last." 

RULE   XV.       LIKE,    UNLIKE,    AC. 

"281 .    The  adjectives   like,  unlike,  near,  and 
nigh  are  followed  by  the  objective  case.     [Or    | 
-  more  correctly,  the  dative,   as  that  was  their 
former  power.] 

James  taught  his  brother  Arithmetic.  Greography  is  • 
taught  in  our  school.  lie  asked  us  a  questiou.  He 
gave  me  a  book.  A  present  was  promised  me.  Thomas 
bought  his  brother  a  book.  They  allowed  him  credit. 
They  chose  him  secretary.  He  was  chosen  clerk.  It 
made  them  delirious.  They  were  made  delirious.  He 
remained  at  home  forty  days.  The  storm  continued  ' 
three  hours.  I  have  walked  five  miles  this  morning:. 
The  tree  is  one  hundred  feet  high.     The  house  is  twenty 


282]  RULES    CONTINUED.  133 

ieet  square.     This    field  contains    ten  :    i> 

worth  si  hillings  a  bushel.      It'  cost  five  dollars. 

James  is  like  his  father.     The   house  is  near  the  river. 
His  son  is  unlike  him. 

Write  a  description  of  a  garden.  Point  out  the  differ- 
ent vegetables  it  contains;  the  manner  ot  cultivating 
them  and  their  uses. 


LESSON   LX. 

RULES   CONTINUED. 
RULE.  XVI.      ADVERBS, 

282.  Adverbs  modify  verbs,  adjectives,  and 
other  adverbs;  as",  "The  horse  ran  rapidly." 
"It  is  very  pretty/'*  "He  was  treated  m< 

kindly." 

1.  They  sometinj  Lify  p|*<  >uns; 

adjuncts,  and  pi i  .  l(  Justl&elov 

in  word  only,  but  \\ 
dependency  of  these  things ;"  "1  lived  ah 
vain." 

2;  Adverbs  an'  sometime  d  Lndej 

Thi  dally  the  «■. 

n.     They  are  equivalent  to  a 
•i  Are  you  going?  5  ea ;  tl 
Properly  they  are  not  a  it  affirmative  and 

negative  particles. 

3.  Adverbs  are  sometimes 
without  an  ial  modificati  "  ■■•  '.•/.  I  had 

not  heard  it,"     "Indeed,  is  it  so 


1?A  [282 

[victory  word;  when 
:<.:rb;  as,   "  There 
It  lias  the  [ifying  power. 

nouns;  as, 
UicewZ  '    «•        of tliiD  bout?" 

-Till  then    '  '     •' 

('.    IJivo   :  •        sc  utenee    are 

td  should  not  be 

aintcd  -with liim."     This  means  "  I  am 
him. 
7.  Adverl  d  near  the  words  they 

modify;    as,    uWa   always   find   them    ready." 
"  We  lind  I  * 

Her  *  'placed  in  both  instances 

but  convey  nt  meaning  in  each.  * 

'- 

be  old  m  s  slow'  e  .should  always  rcver- 

iend  lives  there.     When  will 
,  ery  tirerome.    "Just  aoove 

TO. BE   CQ 

e     are.    -The  h 
ice    aonri  Is   rather 
I  finished  this  lesson.     I  saw  the 
id  with  half  an  eye.     Ee   rode  to 
eows  on  horseboek.     He  only  read 
book,  nothing.  •   I  dont  know  not! 

about  it.     I  cannot  study  no  more. 


283]  ru 

RULE    X 

283.    Pj  •  ow 

the  relation  I 
me:"  E 

•     1.     Tli«  art 

■ 

2.  It  shows  the  relatio  f  and 

I  he  word  that  they  as  an.  a<  lj  unci 

3.'  The  preposition  stands  regularly  b 
object. 

4.  Two  or  mor< 

as  a  compound   p  ion;  i 

tHto  arcades  the  (  up  to  a  bit  of  bit 

sky.'' 

5.  Appropriate  prepositions  jnu 
words;  a^,   "I  am   int-  in  the  boo] 
wi 

Fo 

•. 

••  He 

■ 

7.   At  is  used  befoi  • 
and-/ 

and  land;  "He  bo 
"AtGreei 
at  Liverpool 
the  2'0flb. 

8 «   /  • 
large  cil  ■ 
"  In  Mem 

9.   II' 
than  two. 


136  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [234 

EXER<  [SES  TO  BE  CORRECTED  AttD  PARSED.' 

Who  did  you  speak  to?     Whom  do  you  ] 
walked  by  a  staff -with  moonlight.     He  has  a  c 
in  learning.     He  is  reconciled    with  his   brothy.     Yon 
may  safely  confide  on  him.     I  dif  you  in    regard 

of  that  measure.     He  died  by  the  yellow   fever.     T; 
TiccefBity  of  immediate  action.     There  is  no  need  on 
Do  you  live  in  the  white  Sulphur    Springs?     They, 
have  gone  in  the  field.     Come  in  the  garden, 
the  money  between  the  four  persons.     He  is   de;- 
of  the  public.     He  is  independent  on  his  father, 
should  profit  from  experience.     He  died  for  thirst, 
lives  at  Xew  Orleans.     They  remained  sometime  at 
gland. 

RULE  XVJII.      objective   after   prepositions.' 

284*.  The -object  of  the  preposition  is  put  in 
the  objective  case. 

.  1.  Transitive  verbs  governing  a  case  should 
not  at  the  same  time  be  followed  by  a  preposition  ; 
:is,  a.This  allows  of  no  trifling."  4 

2.  But  meaning  except  is  sometimes  followed 
*by  the  objective.     In  the  older  writers  it  is  fol-' 

lowed  by  the  nominative;  as,  "There  is  none 
other. but  he, '^  that  \sjjut   he  is. 

3.  Titan  after  tbfc, comparative  degree,  is  fol- 
lowed by  objective  case  of  the  relative  pronoun 
in  some  instances;  as,  "Beelzebub  than  whom 
none  higher  sat." 

The  nominative  is  the  more  natural  and  correct 
construction. 


285]  \  CONTINUED.  187 

E8. 

' ■  '■'  :i.'i- arrived    at    (  on 

tlic  25th  of  Mn  ..•  to  improve  in  all 

W.c  may  piofit  by  the  errors  o?  others.     On  hi^  retui 
was  .captured  by  the  enemi       D      Kane   penetrated    far 
the  Ar<  ions.     Gel  into  the  carriage  and  shut 

the  door. 

Write  a  ?<  tter  to  some  Fri<  ant  of  \  o 

studies 


LESSOR  LXL 

RULES  CONTINUED. 

ftULE   XIX.     <  (  >xjunctto:\ts. 

• 

285.    Conjunctions   connect   sentences,  and 
parts  of  sentences;  as?  "The  sun   shines  and 
the    clouds   disappear;"    c-  William   and  Mi 
are  a  happy  pair." 

1.  When  conjunctions    conne 

they  must  be  in  the  san  and  in    tin 

construction;  as,  "Between  you  and  I  uld 

be   "  between   you    and   me."     'jM< 

>g  their  fellow  creatures  and  wl 
sion,"  should  be  u  and  hating  oppression." 

2.  When  they  connect  w  |       mayb 

red  as  connecting  sent  and 

John  were  studying/'  thai 
ing,  John  was  studying." 

3.  The  connectives  arc    conjunct': 
live  adverbs,  and  relative  pronoui 


138  ELEMENTARY  GRAMMAR.        [2S6 — £87 


EXERCISES. 

James  and  his  sister  are  coming  to-morrow'.  Ti:o  Bun 
.  rising  in  the  eastern  sky  and  dispelling  the  mists 
that  hung  oyer  the  valley.  Neither  uespise  the  poor  nor 
envy  the  rich.  Idleness  and  ignorance  are  the  parents 
of  many  vices.  Cast  thy  bread  upon  the  waters  and  it 
shall  return  unto  thee  again.  When  the  sun  shines  the 
is  mild.     "Whoever  strives  to  improve  will  succeed. 

RULE  XX.     interjections;  o!  on!  ah! 

286.  The  interjections  0  !  oh!  ah !  .are  fol- 
lowed by  the  objective  of  the  first  person ;  as, 
"0  me!"  "Ah  me!" 

Interjections  are  generally  followed  by.  the 
vocative  of  the  second  person;  as,  "Oh  thou!" 
"0  virkie!" 

1.  The  first  expressions -may  be  regarded  as 
cases  of  ellipsis;  as,  "Ah  me!"  "Ah  *pity  me." 
•"Woe  is  mo."  ,  "Woe  is  to  me."  "Me  misera- 
ble." "  Alas  for  me  miserable  one"  or  u  It  is  mis- 
erable to  me." 

2.  0  !  or  oh !  is  frequently  used  as  expressive 
of  wishing;  as,  "Oh  that  I  had  wings'  like  a 
dove."     "  I  wish  that  I  had  wings  like,  a  dove." 

RULE-  XXL     the  infinitive. 

287.  The  Infinitive  depends  upon  verbs, 
nouns,  and  adjectives ;  as,.  "  He  studies  to 
learn;"  "He  has.  time  to  go;"  "James  is 
anxious  to  learn." 


-88]  Les   CONTINUED.  189 

RULE   XXII.      THE   INFINITIVE    WITHOUT    TO. 

288.'  The  simple   infinitive   without  to,  is 

used  after  bid,  do,  feel,  have,  hear,  let, -m 
need,  see;  and  also  after  may,  can,  will, 
and  must,  when  used  as  auxiliaries. 

1.  The  infinitive  in  its.nature  is  a  verbal  noun. 
They  differ  fr.om  other  nouns  by  having  the  gov- 
ernment and  modifications  of  a  verb. 

2.  It  may  he  used  as  the  subject,  "  lo  err  is 
human  ;"  as  predicate,  "His  object  is  to  improve',]' 
as  object,  "lie  loves  to  play  ;"  as  the  second  ob- 
ject, " He  taught  him  to  write;"  as  the  factitive 
object,  "They  chose  him  to  lead  the  way." 

3.  It  also  denotes  a  purpose  or  result;  as,  "  He 
studies  to  learn" — thai  he  may  learn.  "He  stood 
up  to  read" — that  he  might  read.  "  He  is  willing 
to  sutler" — that  lie  may  suffer.  "He  is  liable  to 
be  robbed" — tthat  he  may  be  rubbed. 

(1.)  In  this  manner  it  modifies  ,adjeetiv< 
"  He  is  eager  to  learn" — tluft  he  may  learn.     "  lie 
was  ambitious  to  rule  " — that  I 
fruit  is  good  to  eat  " — so  that  n. 

(2.)  It  modifies  nouns  in  a  similar  manm 
"  It  is  time  to  study" — that  ice  should  study.     kt  He 
showed' an   eagerness   to    learn" — that   lie  n 
learn. 

4.  The  infinitive i  also  modifies  Borne  aw 
as,  "He  is  old  enough  to   write." 

how  to  write." 

5.  It  is  sometimes  used  absol 
>'the  truth  I  was  in  fault." 


14°  ELEMENTARY   GRAMMAR.  [289 

EXERCISES. 

To  steal  is  sinful.     To  hi  to  be   happy.     It   i^ 

isantto  see  the  sun.     I  hope  to  see  you.  love 

to  play.  I  heard  bim  speak.  They  would  have  him  go. 
We*  are  anxious  to  learn.  We  were  all  eager  to  hear  the 
news.  My  father  taught  nie  to  write.  I  am  in  haste  to 
return.     The  ship  was  ready  to  sail 

TO   BE    CORRECT! 

He  bids  me  to  ge.     Do  you  hear  the   bell  to  ring?     I 
the  sun  to  rise.     We  dare  not  to  disobey  him, 

Et[    i.i'  iiE    INFINITIVE   .AND    OBJECT LVE 

CASE. 

280.  The  infinitive  has  sometimes  a  subject 
in  the  objective  case;  as,  "I  believe  him  to 
be  dishonest." 

1.  Certain  verbs  of  thinking  and  judging;  such 
as,  think,  judge,  hold,  consider,  regard,  admit, 
hiQio,  suppose,  suspect,   acknowledge,  declare,  u 
rant,  are  followed  by  an-objective  case, 'and  ii. 
itiw,  standing  in  the  i elation  of  subject  and, pre- 
dicate. 

2.  The  objective  case  thus  used  as  the    subj< 
of- the  infinitive  is  always  different  from  the  sub- 
ject of  the  leading  verb,  both  in  the  contracted 
and  expanded  form. 

EXERCISES. 

I  thought  him  to  be  innocent.  He  judged  it  to  be  wrong. 
We  know  him  to  be  honest.  They  supposed  him  to  be 
there.     We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self  evident  • 


290—291]  rf  .  141 

.   in   maki 
Write  an j thin] 


LESSON    L 

RULES  XXIY. 

-90.    Participles    refer  to    nouns    and    \ 
nouns ;    as,    "-James,  seated  at  the  table, 
iding;"    "He  stood  leaning  on  his  staff." 
1.  The  participle  i  -o  refer  to  a  clause  or 

tence ;  as,  u He  /wa  nedtoday  the* 

wing  to  the  the  bad   stat< 
vinq  refers  to 

particip  sly; 

as,  "Generall 
bl< 

\\.   Whefl  a  ' 
beconv  cljective  uh1< 

•and   with   the   same;    as, 
"  Unsung 

4.  The  participle  ma;. 
'The  beaten  1  "Tl  an:" 

291.    Verbal  aonuns   in   nee   have  the  same 
government  as  the  the  verbs  from   which  tl 
are  derived;  as,  "Writing  lett< 
employment. '\     "She  was  e  d    in  reading 

Plato." 


'■'-'  ■  IMENTAKY    QRAMMAR. 

1-  The  verba]  noun  \\\ing  may  be  distinguished 
from  the  participle  in  %  by.  its  ability  to  form 
the  subject  of  a  proposition. 

2.  The  compound  participle  is  sometimes  used 

as  a  Verbal  noun  ;  as,  "  Caesar-s  haying  crossed  the 

Rubicon  spread  consternation  throughout  Rome." 

.  .3.  If  the  verbal  noun  is  preceded  by  the,  it  is 

followed  by  of  or  both  should    be    omitted;  as, 

By  the  observing  of  truth"   or  "JBy   observing 
the  truth."         .  * 

EXERCISES. 

SSwaman  ploughing  in  the  fields.  But  yonder 
comes  the  powerful  king  of  day,  "rejoicing  in  the  east. 
Crowned  with  her  pail  the  tripping  milkmaid  sings. 
Having  learned  his.  lesson,  lie  went  out  to  play.  She  was 
engaged  in  writing,  a  Jetter.  Thomas  went  away  withour 
taking  leave  of  either  of  us.  The  trumpet  having  sound- 
ed the  combatants  charged. 

RULE   XXVII.      THE   NOMINATIVE  ABSOLUTE. 

92.   A  noun  or  proribun  joined  with  a  parti- 
ciple having  no  dependence  upon  other  words 
is  put   in  the  nominative  case  absolute ;   as., 
'  Tarquinius  reigning,  Pythagoras  came  into 
Italy." 

In. such  cases  the  noun  with,  the  participle  is 
different  from  the  subject,  of  the  participial  sen- 
tence. 

RIJLE  !XXVII.      THE   VOCATIVE    CASE. 

293.  The  name  of  the  person  or  thing  ad- 
dressed is  put  in  the  vocative;  as,  "James, 
listen  to  me." 


'2^4]  »NTINUE 

In  titles  of  book  if  chapters,  &c, 

in  abrupt  excJamnii  noun  ia 

sonietirm 
are  ral 

• "'  ''" 
wo  : 

xerci^es; 

Supper  being  ended  we  went  out  to-  walk.  Jesus  had 
oonveyed  himself  away  a  multitude  being  in  that  place. 
Shame  being  lost,  all  virtue  is  lost.  Ho!  every  one  that 
tkirsteth,  conic  ye  to  the  waters.  Men,  brethren,  and 
fathers  hearken. 

"Write  <i  letter  to  sojtne  friend  describing  what   you  e 
on  your  last  ride. 


LE  L. 

RULE  XXVIII. 

I     Tho  subjunctive  mode   u 

press  future  couth  ons 

if,  though,   whether,  &c;   a) 

that  joined  to  a  comm 

and  sometimes  after  tJ         ajuncti  bs. 

The  subjunctive  mock-  is  ue  ily  when  ; 

C0nting<  ncy  relates  to  the  future  and   when  an 
auxiliary  '  .-.stood.:  lie  be  -     " 

dioua  he  will  learn,"  that  is,    "If  he  shall  bo 
Btudious.'' 


M  !•  \  T  V  ' ' '      ft  R 

EXERGISES. 

If  he  acquire  riches,  the y  will  corrupt  him  '  will 
not..l  ted  unless  he    repent.     Wait    till    i    come, 

any  condition  lest  it  happen  to  1><j  your.own. 
I  thou  reform.     Oh!  that  1  were  at  hom^T 

Rl  %  XIX.       THE   [TSE  OF  THE  TE 

205.  Those  tenses  onl}  s]b         be  employ 
which  express  correctly  the  intended. 

-  1.  Tho  perfect  participle  must  not  be  used  for 

past  indicative,  nor  ("be  past  tense i  for>the  p'e'r- 

•  participle  ;  as,  "  I  done  it  iu  great  haste,'' 

/  did;  she  come  for  Bhe  came;  he  begun  for  he  be- 

gan  ;  the  river  has'/ro^l  over  for-  has    frozen  ;  the 

horse  v\  hard  For  way  d}iv( 

2.  The ']->>< .\-;i-m  i  perfect  must.not  be  used  with 
modifiers  expressing  past  time;  as, /"I  have  fin- 
i  bed  the  work  two  days  ago-." 

3.  The  tenses  of  the  potential  should  correspond 
with  each  other,  n<  lome  unto  me 
that  ye  might  have  life,"  but  u  Ye.  would  not." 

4.  The  \  /  and  tie  must  not  be  confounded 
with  se£  and  /^//.  To  s  is  -'"  re«£  Dw  a  scatf,  /o 
s&  raeana  to  place.  We  sit  down,  but  set  things 
in  order.  There  is,  also,  an  intransitive  verb  to 
set;  as,  "The  sun  se  'ZW^  means  to  recline  ; 
tot lay  means  to  place.  We  lie  down;  we  lay  a 
thing  down.  In  "I  lay  dq;wn  yesterdry,"  lay  is 
is  the  past  of  lie. 

TO   BE   CORRECTED. 

They  desired  to  hav^  seen  you  respected.  I  expected 
to  have  seen  them  before  the  news  should  have  reache 


2^5]  GENERAL    EXERCISES.  145 

fchein,  but  urgent  duties   will   have    i.  ;.     I  bemr. 

to  think  I  had  don.  i    have  all  for- 

sook him.     The  boil  has  ran'-.     Robert  has  come  to  the 
same  conclusion  last  week.  ting  by  the 

-way-side.     A  stone  was  laying  in  tl 
down. 

IK    kjtl  U>  os  SYNTAX. 

The  committee  will  visit  the  school.  I  saw 
James  walking  in  the  garden  with  his  mother. 
Cary  translated  the  works  of  Dantej  the  great 
Italian  poet. 

•How  shall  I  praise  t.hcc.  Lord  of  light? 
v  all  thy  generous  love  doc-tare  v" 

This  is  a  faithful  saying,  and  worth;  of  all  ac- 
ceptation, that  Jesus  Olni  into  the  world 
to  save  sinners. 

James  will  assist  3  oa 

•  Liberal,  not  lavish,  is  kind  Nature- 

■To  err  is  human,  to  forgi  "nc." 

•■Some  place  the  bliss  in  action,  some  in  case; 
Those  call  \i  pleasure,  ancTcontentment,  t  Ik 

Admitting  this,  the  point  is  notpcoved.    • 
He  looks  downcast  and  weary.     Mary  app< 

.     ted  v,  it',,  her  lot.    'Jam<  1  T  have  heen 

lying  our  Xou  and  Mary  have  im- 

ir  time.     This  ia  the  book  of  which 

;:■      •       0  .!<■ 

man    1:  "'■• 

ir  friend  yonder!     Which  is  >a<L 

Whoever  do*i  wrong  shot  .nishment 

7 


146  MEXTARY   GRAMMAR.  [295 

Whence  and  what  art  thou  execrable  shape? 

"Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen." 
Thev  tliat  are  wh6le  need  not  a  physician,  but 

they  that  are  sick. 

;-  But  strew  his  ashes  to  the  wind 

\Vi.w  o  sword  or  voice  has  served  mankind  ; 

And  is  he  dead  whose  glorious  mind 

Lifts  thine  on  high  ? 
To  live  in  hearts  we  leave  behind 

[s  not  to  die.'" 

Tlmcc  is  he  armed  that  hath  his   quarrel   just. 
Time  and  tide  wait  for  no  man. 
I£ach  man  has  his  task  to  perform. 

'■■  1  dare  do  a-ll  that  may  become  a  man; 
Who 'dares  do  more,  is  none.*' 

The  passions  under  control,  a  man's  enemies 
are  subdued. 

Upon  the  landlord's  leaving  the  room  1  could 
not  avoid  expressing  my  concern  for  the  stranger. 

The  youth  desires  to  learn.  t  cannot  tell  who 
it  is*.  They  elected  Cfce'ro^  the  distinguished 
orator,  consul.  He  sleeps  the  sleep  of  death. 
Charles  the  Fifth  appointed  Phillip  his  successor. 
Give  us  this  day  our  daily  broad.  J  will  send  you 
a  present. 

He  did  the  flavor  without  being  requested. 

My  father  returned  three  days  ago. 

My  judgment  approves  this  measure,  and  my 
whole  heart  is  in  it,  All  that  I  have,  anfi  all  that 
I  am,  and  all  that  I  hope,  in  this  life,  I  am  now 
^ready  here  to  stake  upon  it ;  and  I  leave  off,  as  1 


295]  i  iWERAU  EXERCISES.  147 

began,  that  five  or  die,  survive  or  perish,    I    am 
'•  the  declaration. 

'Thou  kingly  spirit  throned  among  the  hills  . 
Thou  dread  Ambassador  fi  ih  to  heaven, 

Great  Hierach.  {ell  thou  the  silent  - 
And  tell  the  stars,  an  the  rising  sun 

Earth  with  her  thousand 

a 

How  mituy  hired  servants  of  my  father's  have 

ad  enough  and  to  spare,  and    I  perish   with 

hunger!     I  will  aviso  and  go   to   my  father,  and 

will  say  .unto  him.  Father,  1  have  sinned  against 

heaven  and  before  thee,  and  am  no  more  worthy* 

•  be  called  thy   son  :'  make   me    as    one    of   ^> 
hired  servants. 

.••'For  mine  is  the  lay  4>ha<  lightlj   M< 
And  mine  are  the  murmuring  dying  not< 

That  fall  a  s  snow  on  \ 

And  melt  in  the  heart  as  instantly." 

Let  any  man  resolve  to  do  right  now  leaving 
then  to  do  as  it  can  ;  and  it  be  were  to  live  to  the 
age  of  Methuselah  he  would  never  dp  wrong. 

•  Like  leaves  on  trees  the  race  of  maid  is  found  ; 
y0Y  ith,  not?  witheicjjog  on  the  ground. 

•■  He  stood  and  called 
HLis  legions,  angel  forma,  who  lay  entrant 
Thick  as  autumnal  leaves  that  atroir  the  bro 
1  d  Vallan  ; 

When  I  consider  Thy  bea  of  Thy 

lingers;  tin  Q   and    th<  -.    which    Thou 

hast  ordained  ;  what  ie  man  that  Thou  art  mind- 


148  ELEMENTARY    GRAMMAR.  .[295 

ful  of  him,  and  the  son  of  man  thai  Thou  visitest 
him? 

"  Oh  ?  that  this  lovely  vale  were  mine  ! 
.   .   Then,  from  glad  youth  to  calm  decline. 
Sly  years  would  gently  glide  j 
Hope  would  rejoice  in  endless  dreams. 
And  memory's  oft-returning  gleams 
By  peace  he  sanctified  ! "  , 

The  Throne  of  eternityis  a  throne  of  mercy 
and  love.  God  has  permitted  and  invited  us  to 
repose  ourselves  and  our  hopes  on  that  which 
alone  is  everlasting  and  unchangeable.  He  takes 
us  from  earth  that  He  may  lead  us  to  heaven, 
share  with  us  His  own  immortality,  admit  us  to 
His  everlasting  habitation,  and  crown  us  with  his 
eternity. 

Doing  well  has  something  more  in  it  than  the 
fulfilling  of  a  duty.  It  is  the  cause  of  a  just  sense 
of  elevation  of  character;  it  clears  and  strength- 
ens the  spirits ;  it  gives  higher  reaches  of  thought ; 
it  widens  our  benevolence,  and*  makes  the  cur- 
rent of  our  peculiar  affections  swift  and  .deep. 


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